搜索
您的当前位置:首页正文

分析建筑学

来源:爱够旅游网
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

形式追随动力 苏珊-安娜/Susanne Anna “ 分析一建筑学"将占据未来的舞台 FORM FOLL0WS FORCE:ARCHI—NEERING AS PERFORMANCE OF THE FUTURE 张婷译,李迈校/Transtated by ZHANG Ting,checked by LI Mai 建筑师一工程师 的历史了。在这个趋势下 新的雕塑美学产生出来 它 们有着越来越强的社会关联性 并且更加重视作品的人 达-芬奇是一个典型的例子 他的1 500张设计图直到 进史中的重要一环,证明了一直以来 直觉和理性思维 的结合是非常重要的。 了更高大的建筑。 时间就是金钱 的信条带来提升速度 的追求 而不断膨胀的交通压力需要更多的航道、道路 铁路和桥梁来承担。从很早以前开始,建筑的形式就由 技术的需求所决定了。科技和建筑工程曾一度既不反映 也不迎合人的需求。 高科技的创新对建筑产生的强烈影响已经有很多年 几百年以后才得以建造出来 他的事迹是工程师职业演 文关怀。我们将把目光投向一个重要的案例——斯图加 特工程师维尔纳-索贝克(Werner Sobek)与德裔美国 近几十年来 单纯的教育和培训已经抹杀了人们在 自然科学和技术科学上进行睿智的想像的能力 这种能 查尔斯P.斯诺拥有着坚实的技术背景 而他发出 建筑师赫尔穆特-扬(Hetmut Jahn)长达5年的合 作——深入的研究将展示出一个有几百年历史的传统 即工程学和建筑学密切结合的现象。需要指出的是 我 们的兴趣出发点都是人本身,也就是说,我们将繁复的 技术问题留给了科学和技术领域的学者们。尽管如此, 这类型的工程仍然对缩小 两种文化 (查尔斯・斯诺/ Chartes P.Snow)间的距离大有益处。 早在1 5世纪的时候,我们现在所说的 分析一建 筑学“已经被称为 天才的举动 建造上的发明产生在 自然、科技和美学之间充满张力的领域。 在这个背景下,我们开始充满惊异地审视这个世纪 对我们的馈赠,这个世纪告诉我们,在通常情况下,技 术知识仅仅与自然科学和技术性学科相关。因此,由工 程师作出的与科学不相关的决定往往不受到关注。然 而,虽然日常生活中的很多事物都受到自然科学的影 响,但工程师构思它们的时候却并没有都使用科学的思 维方式 尤其是针对它们的外观、形式和材料的设计。 Architect‘Engineer High-tech inventions have been exerting an increasingty strong influence in architecture for years. This devetopment has spawned a new scutptu ra[ aesthetics with a growing ctaim to socia【retevance and a renewed emphasis upon humanist components. Focusing on a highty significant exampte——the five- year co‘operation between the Stuttgart engineer Werner Sobek and the German-American architect Hetmut Jahn—our exhibition seeks to investigate this tradition,whose roots actuatty go back hundreds of years:the phenomenon of the integration of engineering and architecture.1t shoutd be noted that our interest proceeds from a humanist standpoint,as we【eave the task of describing such comptex technoid materia【to schotars in the fietds of science and technotogy.Yet a project of this kind may contribute to a na rrowing of the gap between those two cuttures (Chartes P.Snow). As earty as the fifteenth century,the disciptine 作者简介 现居住于德国杜塞尔多夫。从事建筑 艺术,设计及 时尚领域的展览和出版工作。现任杜塞尔多夫城市博 物馆馆长。 收稿日期 2007-10-01 力被尤金-弗格森(Eugene S.Ferguson)称为 内在 的眼睛 。事实上 克努特-加布里尔(Knut Gabrie[) 曾很不客气地评价 今天的建筑工程师“ 说他们 根本 不懂得通过概念性的深思熟虑来作出明智的举措 。我 们从这些话中听出了对回归传统的急切呼唤。 而“分析一建筑学 正好最直接地体现了这种跨学 科的,即将工程作为应用艺术的探索。为了响应这种对 能够促进技术专业进步的交流的急切需要,艺术和技术 之间的对话正在延伸到视觉艺术的其他领域,这些领域 又包括建筑学,特别是从流行学科交叉的角度来观察更 是如此。 通过对当代建筑师和工程师问关系的审视,我们发 现,他们的合作主要从人的感官的角度出发来开展创造 性的设计工作,而不是建筑的技术层面的问题。而那是 工程师们的职能所在,他们对建筑构件的运转负责。如 果我们追溯19世纪到今天的历史,可以发现,建筑学一 直随着技术的发展而不断演变。在工业化的要求下产生 we now ca【【Arch1‘Neer1ng was referred to as ingenious activity :the invention of constructions in the fietd of tension between nature,technotogy and aesthetics. In this context.we【ook with astonishment upon the[egacy of our century,which schoots us in the assumption that technica[knowtedge retates in a genera【sense onty to the natura【sciences and technica【 disciptines.As a resutt,non-scientific decisions taken by engineers i‘n particutar often go unnoticed.Indeed, atthough many of the objects of everyday rife are affected by natura(science,they have been conceived by engineers who were not thinking scientifically when they specified their appearances,forms and materiats. Leonardo da Vinci,who as earty as 1 500 drew objects which were not built until hundreds of years tater,is a ctassica[exampte of a link in the evotutionary chain of the engineering profession in which the connection between intuition and rationa[thought has atways p rayed a decisive rote. 了对新的人文主义的召唤,这种新精神将把人性与自然 和科学技术结合起来。在进行过全面地分析之后 弗瑞 提奥夫-卡普拉(Fritjof Capra)宣告 革新的世纪 即 将到来 人们将一反往常哥白尼一牛顿的思维观念 去 追求一种更加复合而奥妙的思考模式,并且摆脱来自功 能、经济和科技的过度束缚。由此,1950年代的德国诞 生出一种源自工程本身的前卫的 自然建筑 思潮,它 通过弗赖・奥托(Frei Otto)的作品得到反映 而这些 设计是以自然为原型的。 创造性的建设 赫尔穆特-扬和维尔纳・索贝克的作品可以被定位 于广义的结构主义趋势的范畴。就像建构的过程一样 他们的方法追求的是一种 神经元互动 (恩斯特・波佩 尔/Ernst Poppet)的过程,如同人脑在自然运转时涉及 到的跨学科思索 包括工程、生物、物理、美学、社会 学以及市场营销等等。 分析一建筑学“的思想会在工作 过程的展开中激发出来。与这两个人的对话已经让我们 In the course of recent decades。the capacity for intettectua【vision.which Eugene S.Ferguson ca[Is the inner eye“,has been graduatty etiminated from the natura【and technica【sciences through the process of education and training atone.In fact. today s architectura【engineer. according to Knut Gabrie[’s rigorous assessment, …has heard nothing about the conceptua【detiberations that【ead to intettectua【 action .We hear in such words the ca[【for the old uomo universate voiced with increasing urgency. Thus Archi-Neering in particutar is an exp[icit ptea for an innovative interdisciptinary exptoration of the apptied art of engineering.In response to the urgent need for interaction based upon a technica[- professiona[progression,the diatogue between art and technotogy is also expanding into other areas of the visua【arts.to which architecture—especiatty in view of fashionabte cross-over tendencies——may once again be counted as wet[. A c[oser took at the contemporary retationship 世界建筑2007/]2 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

体会到 他们遵循着以工程过程为导向的开放的思考原 了我们对所生活的自然界和社会的责任感。 则 而这种原则来自于他们的工作理念:设计者的努力 分析一建筑学 创新的能力来自于两个方面:一 态效能。 他们的生态设计体现出自然生物体中存在的自组织 应着眼于他们自身和革新性的设计过程。显然. 一切皆 方面 它是关于美学和超自然的 另一方面 它是注重 能力。这种主流思想的创始人弗赖-奥托通过当时的德 流 似的技术和美学结构也启发了这些创造者的思维。 实效的,这与马图拉纳(Matu rana)对自创生理论 国建筑作品将其表达出来。“分析一建筑学“创造出了 在一个充满了 不断的讨论”(约瑟夫-博依斯/ Joseph Beuys)的实验场中 一类建筑产生了 它们能 (Autopoietics)的观点有某种契合。毋庸置疑的是 为 自然建筑 它是一种融合了高度智慧的 如自创生理 了伟大的人性化的生态理想 人们将不断追寻更好的解 论般的高技术建筑。就像作画过程一样 它的产生需要 发展起来完全基于这样的理念,即革新性的解决方案必 决方案 这也正是斯图加特和芝加哥创新的动力所在。 须有开放性的态度为前提。这个概念性的模式对发现新 分析一建筑学 定义出一种新的生态思想 在这 事物有着天然的优势。它使得工作者们在技术的辅助下 种思想中 斯图加特学派的大师们的概念与美国式的环 对作品进行不断地完善和评估 这是他们建筑设计创新 境实效主义相结合。因此.正如马克斯艾拿尔 的源泉,也是工作的重点所在。正如他们所追求的理 (Maxeiner)和米尔许(Miersch)所说 生态思想的发 念,赫尔穆特 扬和维尔纳・索贝克的建筑作品是动态 展并不应该来自对往昔的回首怀念 而应该是朝着一种 的。用格雷斯(Grays)的定义来描述 这些作品表达 “环境乐观主义 的方向 这种观念将保护人类和自然的 出了艺术上的创新性 它们是相对于线性的时代发展而 理念纳入了伦理和 环境文明 (威廉-施密德/Wilhelm 独立存在的。 Schmid)的范畴.把生态概念扩展到对整体环境的保 分析一建筑学 为我们带来认识论上的革新,在 护,施密德的理念是一种考虑了事物间的复杂关联和互 现代主义以来的科学实证主义以外.我们有了新的选 动的理性思维 而实际上, 分析一建筑学 正体现了他 择。用理性而不是非理性的概念去指导建筑设计 从主 的这种思想。而最终的目的,都是要在人与自身、他人 观出发 去诠释观察到客观的物理世界的现实,结果比 和环境之间建立起积极的联系。 我们以相对主义和怀疑主义的眼光去做设计要好。扬和 扬和索贝克通过前瞻性的实际项目成功地实践了他 索贝克摆脱了欧洲传统的思维模式 他们不再追求绝对 们的生态思想。他们的建筑是智能的节能构筑物 它们 的真理和现实。他们的建筑用一种理性的方式混合进主 运用最少的技术.达到可以生态降解的要求、可以生态 观思考,将知识和行动整合起来。这样,他们同时唤起 降解的自然材料、带来最大的舒适性以及最高的经济生 between the architect and the engineer reveals that that would unite the humanities and the natura【and their cooperation generally tends to approach the technica【sciences.Fritjof Capra had declared the creative tasks of the architect fr0m the viewpoint of dawn of an era of change which,on the basis of a human perception without dealing with the problems ho[istic conceptual approach,turned its back on the posed by the technica【aspects of architecture.1t is Copernican-Newtonian view of the worm in favour of here that the work of the engineer,who{s responsible a new,complex,contemplative kind of thinking free for the utility of the architectura【artefact。begins. of exaggerated concern with function,economy and Thus architecture—if we trace its history fr0m the technology.Accordingly,the pioneering impulse of nineteenth century to our day——has always evolved natural building came from the lfew of engineering in para[[e【to the acc0mD¨shments of technology. itself in Germany during the fifties through the work 1ndustr{a【ization needed its ha【【a rchitectu re. of Frei Otto,whose designs were based upon models Increasing speed,in keeping with the principle of fr0m nature. time is money ,and the rapid growth of traffic 1nnovative C0nstructf0ns requi red more water routes,roads,railways and The work of He[mut Jahn and Werner Sobek can bridges.Even in the early years it was primarily the be【ocated within the broad field of c0nstructiv{st technically sound f0rm that architecture reflected. tendencies.Like their constructive working process, Technology and architectural engineering were neither their inte[[ectua【approach is a neurona【interaction entirely tractable nor suited to human needs. (Ernst Poppe[)resembling the cerebra[function that With the enormous power of technology in mind, invo[ves interdisciplinary scientific positions from the Charles P.Snow voiced the ca[【for a new human{sm fields of engineering,biology,physics,aesthetics, 分析一建筑学 墨菲/扬建筑事务所/ARCHI—NEER『NG:MURPHY/JAHN ARCHITECTS 对自然进行近距离地观察。就像弗赖 奥托所说的那样 “建造行为“取决于 过程 .而自然界也是如此。自然 界的模型被关联地运用到建筑的技术和美学设计上。与 包豪斯形成对比的是 这类建筑并不遵循纯净的抽象几 何形态 而是坚持”形式追随动力 的原则 在这里 形 式被理解为动力的特定表达形态。 于是, 分析一建筑学”产生出自主的、自圆其说 的元素和形式 这是一种能体现出事物构建过程的形 式。这些建筑通过清晰的组织.成为可以从技术角度解 读的、空间完整的构筑物,这种建筑在概念上为社会活 动空间提供了范型,促使我们对适合生活的理想形态不 断思考。通过这种方式 感官上的形态和社会行为产生 了关联。 当前 扬和索贝克的设计超越了以往所有的价值标 准,它们更强调生活环境的重要性,而不是形式的意义。 分析一建筑学 的构成主义者们非常不满单纯的抽象 主义 不以纯粹的经济性为理由而使用它们。这一点在 sociology,psychology and marketing.Archi-Neering emerges only from the discourse of processes.We recognize even in c0mmunicating with these two personalities the principle of openness inherent in their form of process-oriented thinking which appears to derive from their concept of working on themselves and fr0m within themselves as a continuous.innovative creative process.Clearly,the panta rhei principle of technica【and aesthetic structure that inf0rms the thinking of these inventors applies here as we【【. 『n a【iving【aboratory of“continuous conference” (Joseph Beuys),a species of architecture takes form which thrives so[ely on recognition of the necessity for openness as a prerequisite fo r the discovery of P rog ressive so【utions.This conceptua【mode【 incorporates a highly sensitive perception of the new per se.As on essentia【ingredient of their architectura【 work.the mode【contributes to the innovations they are continually redesigning and reassessing through technica【invention.Like their philosophical approach, 23 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Urban Systems ln its contextual and situational relationships, the architecture of Hetmut Jahn and Werner is cLoseLy interwoven with currents in urban development in Germany.The architectura【artists are 1nterested 1n the social relevance of public space;public discourse is an integral part of thei r work.And thus they incorporate concepts of urbanism as wet[.In keeping with the fundamental principle of openness 1n architecture,most of their buildings are open-ended, thus integrating public space and making u rban structure a component of the architecture.At the Archi‘Neering abandon the mode【of the European city,as it conflicts with the needs of the society of tomorrow.The architects see their high-rise buildings as part of a centratised yet far-reaching system whose functiona【structure of【abour distribution forms an image,a symbo1.Yet they are fu LLy aware of the visual destruction of the 1[fusion of the huma n1st 1dea【of the European city that has progressed continuously from inside to outside.Jahn and Sobek shape the current course of development in accordance with the demands of gtobatised systems of explosive growth.As a work of art,the city has long since Lost its quality as on autonomous creation 1n their view.True to their own composes places 1n which communities can form and 【iberate themselves fr0m the chains of sDeech【essness. Public Artefacts The building art of the architect and the engineer inds f1tseLfon a path towards dematefiaLisation.1t assumes a posture much tike that which 1s evident 1n the deve【opment of cu rrent a rtefacts.Among 1ts iconographic,historical models are such edifices as the Mies van der Rohe s planned G Lass Tower of 1 91 9.1n whose fictitious histonca【vicinity Jahn and Sobek are currently buitding a skyscraper,or the architecture of the Bauhaus successors in Chicago,plans for territory of which have already been drawn up.Yet this integrative concept of Archi-Neering points beyond its the accOmp【1shments Of its predecesso ̄,as it not only seeks to affect and aestheticise the rapid pace of technoLogicaL development but to contextuaLise 1t as wet[. Fina LLy,taking Lucius Burckhardt's argument that design 1s 1nvisibte at face value.1t 1s clear that Jahn and Sobek w1tt be even more concerned with the creation of atmospheres.situations.m1【ieus 1n the future.It is appropriate to ca rt to mind in this context the visions of a“test module for【iv1ng 1n space trade fair in Shanghai they are building the world s first comp Lete Ly artificial urban setting with a park and an area comprising a religious temple.The Munich airport is arranged around an urban section.Skyscrapers in Bonn and Ber Lin assume the contemporary visual function of medieva【cathedrals. Archi-Neering manifests itself in the discussion regarding urban development.Jurgen Paul formulates the comb1nation of two u rban fOrms for Bed1n accordingly—the”horizontal,spatiaL Ly and physica LLy enclosed city of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the vertical city of the twentieth,the American downtown with the open,transparent architectural principles,they regard as an organism capable of adapting fLexibLy and dynamicaLLy to arising needs,viewing the city thus as a complex technical, economic,socia【and cu Ltura【construct in which the ideal of an ordered society no longer exist.In its place,they plan definitive urbanistic concepts in the context of the paradigmatic shift between rationalism and 1 rrationa Lism that has been 1n effect since the nineteenth century.In the final analysis,each them can identify with what Mike Davis describes as the City of quartz and they see an aggressive approach to that as the only chance we have to take the design of our future 1nto our own hands.Jahn and Sobek think in te rms of ftexibte u rbanism.Thei r enti rely contemporary approach is characterised by situation- based action;in other wards,they plan architectura【 structures in settings in which they can integrate themselves and adapt 1n the manner of natura【 organisms in order to survive.This approach extends even to the ephemera【works of Werner Sobek.ad hoc structu res created only for specific functions and situations.Their dynamic quality reflects the mobility of our society,in which action is g Loba L and decisions must be made on the basis of situations.This quality (Kevin Ke LLy)or anatogies to the virtual reality of the lnternet as a fracta(.1nsutar vision 1n which we surf from one function to the next,as Stephenson has architecture of the(second)modern period”in which Jahn and Sobek find their rightful place.In contrast to the Debis Centre,which sti r【fotrows the principles the concept of critical reconstruction ,articulated by Josef Paul Kteihues with a sceptical glance at the urban architecture of the sixties,the Sony Centre already defines the other,American concept of urbanism that exemplifies the union of the two types. Divided into segments,the la rge,American-style complex with its multi-purpose inner Life is an artificial city。within。a。city.a plaza sitting that draws Life fr0m the streets into its interior.Here,the two urban types described our future world. As mixtures of sculpture and architecture,the works created by the Archi-Neering team are artefacts of socia【and potitica【cOntextua¨sat1On.as the1 r transparent systems in the tradition of Large-scale glass st ructu res,from exhibition buiWings to showcases,place the observer 1n o kind of mediatised relationship to the things around him.U Ltimate Ly, they are transparent insta L Lations which,Like the situational-conceptua【works of Dan Graham—the ear【y shOwcase w1ndOw 1nsta【【at1Ons,f0r examp【e—  ative 1n the city for the fLexib Le human being as are juxtaposed cottage-style.As models,this and similar 1schard Sennett,who actively confronts projects by Jahn and Sobek stand at the threshold of defined by Rithe simulation city of the coming mi LLennium. As regards urban architecture,the urbanistics of the tasks of the future,the world of drift and the pace of development of a new capitalism.Archi-Neering quest1on such concepts as 1dent1ty,subject1v1ty and object1V1ty.The h1gh。tech a rtefact assumes the character Of an exh{b1t1On s1te and a wOrk Of ar hat subjects soc1ety to ana【yt1ca【scrut1ny.口 //{}. ‘\ 、、 、 ——一 LJ Li ̄一^ p宁. n {z。l ,‘} . 26 世界建筑2007/]2 

因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容

Top