1.Literature :a set of works, subjects, printed material, giving information.
2.Standard:the results of formal processes, a set of detailed technical guidelines, the methods widely used in practice. 3.Patent:an official record of specific rights awarded to an individual or group to prevent others from copying a design for goods or manner of procedure or a creative idea invented by that individual or group for a specified time.
4. Trademark: is a word or words, a name, a design, a picture, a sound, or any other symbol that distinguishes the products of one company from those of others.
5. Copyright: is the body of legal rights that protect creative works from being reproduced, performed, displayed, or disseminated by others without permission.
6. Contract: An agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law, a legally enforceable and legally binding agreement.
7: A tender document is a written statement of the price at which one offers to supply goods or services, or to do something. 8. A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical problem
in a particular way, under a specified plan of management, or for a specified compensation.
9. A report is a form of communication in which the writer gives information to some person or organization because it is his/her responsibility to do so.
10. A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper,” “course paper,” “thesis paper” or “library paper”. 11. Conference documents are printed materials distributed before or at or after a conference, concerning the announcements, arrangements, and other information of the conference, usually made by the sponsoring organization or the organizing committee of the conference.
12. A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field.
13.Index: a systematically arranged list giving enough information about each item to enable it to be identified and traced
14: Bibliography: the writing or copying of books. or scientific record of books, directories to a selection of
printed materials, films, recordings, and maps compiled for a definite purpose 二.T or F
1.The so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. 2.a title is composed of no more than twenty words 3.Standards applied to industrial products.
4.In fact, standards are so important that they are usually described as “intangible assets”.
6. Patents may be transferred from one party to another;
5.Patents have a limited time.
7.As a rule the merits, values, and any deductive applications are not allowed in the abstract. In the section of Claims, the author’s name should not appear, and there should be no abbreviations of item names,nor any ambiguous expressions such as “considerably light,”
8.A strong trademark consists of a word that has no recognizable meaning, such as Kodak.
9. Weak trademarks consist of a common word, such as Premier or Wet 'n Wash. 10.
A trademark represents the manufacturer's reputation,
called good will.
11. The owner of copyright has the exclusive right to reproduce
10.A trademark can be sold or assigned
a protected work; prepare other works based on the protected work; sell, rent, or lend copies of the protected work to the public; perform protected works in public; and display copyrighted works publicly.
12.making copies of book to sell or give away is illegal 13.This protection is available to both published and unpublished works.
14.Essentially a copyright protects an intellectual or artistic property. Not everything of an artistic or intellectual nature can be copyrighted. Ideas, names, and titles are excepted
15.Copyright law forbids unauthorized duplication or distribution of computer programs.
16.Owners of a copyright may transfer their copyright to someone else through a written contract
17.Unintentional infringement is also illegal but may be treated less harshly by the court than intentional infringement. Willfully violating a copyright is a criminal offense. 18.For example, teachers may make a limited number of copies of a copyrighted work for classroom use. Archives and libraries
may make one copy of a copyrighted work. 19.见简答第六项
20.the tender authority will send a complete set of inquiry documents（全套招标文件）, known also as “tender documents” or “bid package”, to the firm on short list.
21.tender documents are free: specifications, drawings, and terms and conditions
22.Considerable preparatory work on the part of bidders is involved and as the time allowed for the submission of tenders is frequently short,
23.Inquiry documents usually include the letter of invitation to tender, instructions to tenderers, conditions of contract, specification, the form of tenders appendices.
24.A informal suggestion offers an idea and briefly discusses its advantages and disadvantages.
25.A semiformal proposal presents ideas for resolving a problem or improving a situation, evaluates them against certain criteria, and often recommends what action should be taken.
26. A formal proposal describes an organization’s plans for carrying out a large project for a major client,
27.200 words are a sensible maximum for a relatively long paper
or report, but never more than 500 words; 50 – 100 words may suffice for a short article. The length of an abstract varies depending on the length of the paper and the place where it appears.As a general rule, an abstract will be approximately 3 – 5% of the length of the paper, but is seldom more than 2/3ds of a page.
28.This descriptive abstract has several desirable qualities: it is short and self-contained; it provides key information elements; and it serves as a miniature table of contents. 29. An informational or informative abstract highlights the findings and results, briefly but quantitatively(定量的)。 30.An informational-indicative abstract giving emphasis to the author's chief contribution .
31.These supporting sentences, therefore, can be taken as the “main body” of an abstract
32.A report may be made by a committee to its parent organization. It may be made by a consultant to a client. It may be made by an individual to his/her superior
33.A report can be a book review, a critical interpretation of some issue or historical event, a detailed explanation of a scientific experiment, an argument in favor of a political or social program, a comparison of different sets of ideas, or
a descriptive essay about a person or place.
34.Informal reports containing one to three pages, includes:
incident reports, field trip reports, inspection reports, progress reports, and short investigation reports,
35.Semiformal reports refer to reports of the following kinds: test and laboratory reports, investigation or evaluation reports and suggestions and proposals 36.
Formal reports referred to: feasibility study, an
investigation or evaluation report, a product analysis, or a project report.
37. A professional paper differs from other non-professional essays in that it involves the use of library sources from which facts, quotations, and the opinions of others are drawn to explain, support, or authenticate ideas in the paper. 38.The report paper neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs
39.course papers also called “term paper.”
40.It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing.
41.The focus of professional writing is upon the data and upon the analysis of the data
42.Doctor of Philosophy is the teacher of knowledge. 43.Conference documents include all printed materials from the preparation of a conference to the post-conference proceedings.
44.The reviewer,should tell what the book is about and why it is judged to be worthy or unworthy. The reviewer should also discuss its merits and defects and offer a judgment as to how well the author succeeded in accomplishing his or her objectives.
45.Differences between Indexes and Bibliographies lie in the fact that they are frequently more specialized in their scope and are selective to the point of identifying the best available material.
46.A bibliography differs from a list of references in that it lists all of the works that a writer has found relevant in writing the text. A list of references, on the other hand, includes only those works that are specifically mentioned in the text or from which a particular quotation or piece of information was taken.
翻译 一、L,F翻译
the moon L：月亮;F：玉兔,月桂,婵娟,水镜；夜光
月亮 L: the moon;F:heavenly body, planet, secondary planet, planetoid;moon goddess;queen of heaven, queen of night The sun L: 太阳;
F: 火轮;金乌; 赤玉盘；阳乌
削减; 形销骨立；皮包骨头 骨头架子
太阳 L: the sun;F: star of day, day-star, solar disk, solar orb;sphere, fireball, ball of fire Thin L:瘦;F: 清癯;
瘦 L:thin, lanky, lean F:slim; skinny;bony;skeletal twiggy;as thin as six o’clock
胖 L；fat F: portly; obese heavy well-fed; round
1) to kill two birds with one stone L: 一石二鸟
F: 一箭双雕；一举两得 2) to flog a dead horse L: 鞭打死马
fat L；胖；F:富态 胖乎乎 面团团 丰满；肉头 大腹便便
F: 白费力；徒劳；白搭；枉然；徒然；事后再作无益的讨论 3) a drop in the bucket L: 一桶水中的一滴
F: 沧海一粟；太仓一粟；九牛一毛；微不足道；微乎其微；不足挂
齿；不值一提；
4)to teach a pig to play on a flute L: 教猪吹笛
F: 对牛弹琴；做荒谬的事情； 5）过街老鼠
L: (like) a rat crossing the street
F: the object of universal condemnation; a bad man hated by everybody 6) 门庭若市
L: The courtyard is like a market.
F: a much visited house; a busy town; bustling; crowded 7) 望梅止渴
L: to gaze at plumps to quench one’s thirst
F: to console oneself with false hopes; to feed on fancies(illusion); imagined satisfaction 1) A nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse. L: 点头也好， 眨眼也好，示意盲马，同样无效。 F: 犟汉难劝，狂人难喻。
2）The worst wheel of a cart creaks most. L: 最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响。
F: （A）才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙。 (B) 能猫不叫，叫猫不能。
1) 山雨欲来风满楼。
L: The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains.
F: A turbulent situation foretells a big event. Coming events cast their shadows before 2) 树倒猢狲散。
L: When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.
F: Members run away when the family (constitution) falls. When an influential person falls from power, his hangers-on disperse.
Rats leave a sinking ship.
1) And I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear (1) what is ahead. For our problems are (2) large, but our (3) heart
is (4) larger. (5) Our challenges are (6) great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws are (7) endless, God’s love is truly (8) boundless.
L: 而我不是不相信未来；我不害怕（1）即将来临的事情。因为我们的问题是（2）大的，但是我们的（3）心（4）更大。（5）我们的挑战是（6）大的，但是我们的决心更大。如果我们的缺点是（7）没完没了的，上帝的爱是真正的（8）无穷无尽的。
F: 我并非不相信未来；我并不害怕（1）我们面临的问题。我们的问
题（2）很多，但我们的（3）心胸（4）更宽广。（5）我们面临的挑战（6）很严峻，但我们的决心更大。如果说我们的弊病（7）层出不穷的话，那么上帝的爱更是真正的（8）广袤无边。
1) It is a long lane that has no turning. L: 没有转弯的小巷的确是一条很长的小巷。 F: 路必有弯；事情必有转机。 2) 招风惹草
L: invite wind to exasperate the grass F: look for trouble 二、四字格翻译
1) The mayor of Toledo said in 1932：“l have seen thousands of these defeated，discouraged，hopeless men and women，cringing and fawning as they come to ask for public aid．It is a spectacle
of national degradation．”(W．Manchester：The Glory and the Dream)
托莱多市长在1932年说过：“我见到数千万遭受了挫折的、失去了信心和希望的男人和女人又奉承又乞怜地前来请求救济。这么一个情景给国家丢了脸。”
托莱多市长在1932年说过：“我见到成千上万的山穷水尽、灰心绝望的男男女女前来请求救济。他们低声下气，苦苦哀求。此情此景，真是丢尽了美国的脸。”
3) The girls were all smiles on hearing the good news．
姑娘们听到这个好消息都满脸堆笑。 听到这个好消息，姑娘们个个笑逐颜开。
5)Drew Pearson，a thirty-four-year-old reporter，described them as “ragged，weary，and apathetic，”with no hope on their faces．”(W. Manchester: The Glory and the Dream)
有一位三十四岁的记者，名叫德鲁·皮尔逊，他描写那些退伍军人，说是“衣衫褴褛，筋疲力尽，神情木然，满脸愁容。“
7) He was canny，openhanded, brisk，candid，and modest．(Ibid．) 他为人聪明大方，生气勃勃，忠厚耿直，谦虚谨慎。
8) I repair to the enchanted house，where there are lights，chattering music, flowers，officers and the eldest Miss Larkins，a blaze of beauty．(Charles Dickens：David Copperfield) 我现在朝着那家仙宫神宇走去，那儿灯火辉煌、人语嘈杂、乐音悠扬、花草缤纷、军官纷来，还有拉钦斯大小姐，真是仪态万千 9)Dairyman Crick's household of maids and men lived on comfortably, placidly, even merrily.(Ibid．)
克里克老板牛奶厂里的男男女女，都过得舒舒服服、平平静静，甚至于还嬉嬉笑笑、闹闹嚷嚷。
10) She is cheerful and adaptable, as well as gentle. 她不光是性情温柔,而且爽朗随和。
三、摘要类型
A descriptive or indicative abstract tells in a qualitative way(定性的方式)。
An informational or informative abstract highlights the findings and results, briefly but quantitatively(定量) 四、写摘要 （q1—a1 形式模板）
Q1:What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?
Q2:What research topic is the paper to focus on?
Q3:What method or material do you use to support your main point of view?
Q4:What conclusion will you draw?
Q5:What is the main contribution of the paper AI: background Sentence (1) A2: main topic Sentence (2)
A3: specific investigations Sentences (3) (4) (5) A4: result & suggestion Sentence (6) A5: conclusion & contribution Sentence (7) AI、A2：The purpose of this paper is ... The primary goal of this research is ... The intention of this paper is to survey ...
The overall objective of this study is ... In this paper, we aim at... Our goal is to provide ...
The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of...
A3：The method used in our study is known as ... The technique we have applied is referred to as ...
The procedure can be briefly described as ...
The approach that has been adopted extensively is called...
Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using ...
A4：the author suggests that A5:In conclusion, we state that ... In summing up it may be stated that... Therefore, it can be concluded that ... The results of the experiment indicate that... The studies we have performed showed that 五、简答
1.Since the functions of scientific literature are to reveal creative research achievements, facilitate professional information retrieval, and help improve the development of science and technology,
2.Functions of the Title:Generalizing the Text,Attracting the Reader,Facilitating the Retrieval 3.Functions of Abstract:
Miniaturizing the Text, Deciding
\"Yes\" or \"No\
4.the function of professional papers is to reveal creative research achievements and exchange latest research information.
5.The goal of an index is to provide a quick, easy, and unambiguous access to the information in the material that has been indexed.
6. 招标: invite tenderers / bids for, invitation to tenderer, call for bids on, call for tenderers, invitation for bids, bid invitation.招标人：tenderee.投标:submission of bids, submit a tender, bid for, enter a bid, tender for, tender bids.
投
标者/人: bidder, tender.参加投标: to participate in the bid 投标者/人: bidder, tender投标期限: bid deadline投标的截止期: deadline for submission of bids 开标: open bids, open sealed tenders, opening of bids 开标日期: date
of
bid
opening 开标价格: tenderers price评标: evaluation of bids.
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