目录
[1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations [2].关于缩略词 [3].关于字母和图像
[4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示
1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note taking
Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.
Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum f = frequency
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example dept = department
Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism
Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
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pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative
Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration min = minimum rep = repetition
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters. am't = amount cont'd = continued
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gov't = government educat'l = educational
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting
Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.
Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.
Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the.
If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. & = and w/ = with w/o = without vs = against
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\\ = therefore = = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work o = degrees H2O = water More reference:
Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples: + plus // parallel
Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples: eg example
IT dept Information Technology department UK United Kingdom
Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples: mar marketing cus customer cli client
Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples: subj subject budg budget ind individual
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To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples: tech'gy technology gen'ion generalisation del'y delivery
Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associated ach achievement info information
Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples: bkgd background mvmt movement prblm problem
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples: custs customers fs frequencies /s ratios
Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples: decrg decreasing ckg checking estblg establishing
Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples: in but
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as key
Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples: is was were
Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples: a an the
If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:
January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples: @ at 2 to 4 for & and w/ with w/o without vs against
Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.
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Other Symbols and Abbreviations as a result of / consequences of <---> resulting in ---> and / also +
equal to / same as = following ff most importantly * less than <
greater than > especially esp/ 一、 缩略词
英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。 缩略词的写法一般为四种方式： F拿掉所有元音 MKT: market MGR: manager MSG: message STD: standard RCV: receive F保留前几个字母 INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchange I owe you IOU
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In stead of I/O
F保留开头和结尾个发音字母 WK week RM room PL people F根据发音 R are THO though THRU through
高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表 缩略词 原词 APT Apartment ACC Accountant ACDG According ACPT Accept AD Advertisement ADS Address ADV Advice
AMAP As much/many as possible AMT Amount APV Approve
ASAP As soon as possible BAL Balance BLDG Building
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CERT Certificate CFM Conform CNCL Cancel CNF Conference CMI Commission CMP Complete
CMPE Compete/competitive CMU Communication
CONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND Condition CO. Company DEPT Department DISC Discount DPT Departure EXCH Exchange EXPLN Explain EXT Extent FLT Flight FNT Final FRT Freight
FYR For your reference GD Good GUAR Guarantee H.O. Home office
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INFO Information IMPS Impossible IMP(T) Important INCD Include INDIV Individual INS Insurance INTST Interested I/O In stead of IOU I owe you IVO In view of MANUF Manufacture MDL Model MEMO Memorandum MGR Manger MIN Minimum MKT Market MSG Message NCRY Necessary NLT No later than OBS Observe OBT Obtain ORD Ordinary PAT Patent PC Piece
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PKG Packing PL People PLS Please POSN Position POSS(BL) Possible PROD Product QLTY Quality QUTY Quantity RCV Receive REF Reference REGL Regular REP Representative RESN Reservation RPT Repeat
RESPON Responsible SEC Section SITN Situation STD Standard TEL Telephone TEMP Temporary TGM Telegraph THO Though TKS Thanks TRD Trade
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TRF Traffic TTL Total U You UR Your WK Week WL Will WT Weight XL Extra large 二、 字母、图像
Z 表示\"人\"people/person，因为\"Z\"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZ P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZ
E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。
Q 表示\"通货膨胀\"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。 A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。 B 表示商业：business。
C× 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation \"C×\"中的\"×\"表示反对，字母\"C\"将反对的概念
缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。
W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
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i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示\"举杯祝贺\"。如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个\"/\"××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示\"国家\"、\"民族\"、\"领土\"等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口 这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc. T 表示\"领导人\"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT ⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium
k 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示\"捕鱼业\"等合fishery 有关的词汇。 O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc. J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc. L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc. O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc. 三、 箭头
g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc. 表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc. 表示屈服：submit to
f 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc. 表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate
h 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc. 表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.
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表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， promote, etc 表示\"波折\"：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc. 四、 数学符号
+ 表示\"多\": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc. ++(+2) 表示\"多\"的比较级：more +3 表示\"多\"的最高级：most
－ 表示\"少\": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. × 表示\"错误\"、\"失误\"和\"坏\"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc. > 表示\"多于\"概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
表示\"高\" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc. < 表示\"少于\"概念：less/smaller，etc. 表示\"低\"概念：inferior to，etc.
= 表示\"同等\"概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.
表示\"对手\"概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc. ( ) 表示\"在......之间\"：among, within, etc. ≠ 表示\"不同\"概念：be different from, etc. 表示\"无敌\"概念：matchless, peerless, etc.
～ 表示\"大约\"概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc. / 表示\"否定\"，\"消除\"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc. 五、 标点等
: 表示各种各样\"说\"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示\"问题\"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?
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. (dot) 这个\".\"点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样\".d\"表示yesterday, \".y\"表示last year, \".2m\"表示two month ago。\"y\"表示this year, \"y2.\" two year later\"next week\可以表示为\"wk.\" ∧ 表示转折
√ 表示\"好的\"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.
表示\"同意\"状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆ 表示\"重要的\"状态：important，exemplary（模范的） best，outstanding，brilliant，etc. n 表示\"交流\"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.
& 表示\"和\"，\"与\"：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.
∥ 表示\"结束\"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc. 六、 较长单词的处理办法
-ism 简写为 m 例如：socialism Sm
-tion 简 简写为 n 例如：standardization (标准化) stdn -cian 简 简写为 o 例如：technician techo -ing 简写为 g 例如：marketing (市场营销) MKTg -ed 简写为 d 例如：accepted acptd
-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 例如：available avbl -ment 简写为 mt 例如：amendment amdmt -ize 简写为 z 例如：recognize regz -ful 简写为 fl 例如：meaningful mnfl
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口译笔记符号大汇总
一. 地名简写
原词 Korea Switzerland K SW 速记符号 原词 Sweden 东西南北中等方位 SD 速记符号 “|－” the Republic of Korea(南朝鲜) ROK “K” the Democratic DPRK People’s Republic “_K” of Korea（北朝鲜） Eastern Germany (东德) 二. 货币简写
“G|” Western Europe（西欧） “|EU” 原词 Sterling/pound Renminbi/RMB Austrian schillings Eurodollar ￡ ￥ Sch € 速记符号 原词 US dollar Australian dollars Canadian dollars New dollars $ #A 速记符号 Can$ Zealand NZ$ Japanese yen 三．时间简写
原词 hour second afternoon
円 速记符号 hr ’’ a minute 原词 ’ m 速记符号 morning evening/night/tonight n 16
today the day d before ”d yesterday tomorrow .d d’ yesterday the day after d’ ’ day by day/everyday dd tomorrow last night this week Monday Wednesday Friday Sunday January March May July September November two month ago two year later 1949年后 20年以后 since/ever since 四．度量衡
原词 meter centimeter minimeter mile nautical mile
’n w 1w 3w 5w 7w 1m 3m 5m 7m 9m 11m .2m y2. 49/ 20y| ┠ next morning the week before last Tuesday Thursday Saturday this month February April June August October December this year 1949年前 1949年底 century uo to now/ until m’ ”w 2w 4w 6w m 2m 4m 6m 8m 10m 12dm y /49 49 C ┫ 速记符号 m cm mm mi nm inch foot knot acre 原词 速记符号 in. ft kt A 17
五. 缩略词
原词 Apartment According Advertisement aircraft Advice as soon as possible are Building Cancel carbon copy Conform Complete Condition 速记符号 APT ACDG AD AC ADV ASAP R BLDG CNCL cc CFM CMP COND Accountant Accept Address at least Approve As much/many as possible Amount Balance Conference care of Commission 原词 速记符号 ACC ACPT ADS AL APV AMAP AMT BAL CNF c/o CMI Concern/concerning/concerned CONC Communication Certificate Departure Department Exchange Extra large Flight Freight Good Interested important In stead of Include Impossible Minimum CMU CERT DPT DEPT EXCH XL FLT FRT GD INTST IMP I/O IINCD IMPS MIN 18
Compete/competitive CMPE Company Discount Extent Explain Final For your reference Guarantee Home office Information I owe you In view of insurance Individual
CO. DISC EXT EXPLN FNT FYR GUAR H.O. INFO IOU IVO INS INDIV Market Message Model No later than Ordinary Obtain Patent Please Piece Possible Quality Regular Reservation Responsible Reference Standard Though Thanks Trade Temporary Total Your Week MKT MSG MDL NLT ORD OBT PAT PLS PC POSS(BL) QLTY REGL RESN RESPON REF STD THO TKS TRD TEMP TTL UR WK Manufacture manager Memorandum Necessary Observe Product Packing People Position Quantity room Representative Repeat receive Situation Section TGM Telephone through Traffic You Will Weight MANUF MGR MEMO NCRY OBS PROD PKG PL POSN QUTY RM REP RPT RCV SITN SEC Telegraph TEL THRU TRF U WL WT 19
六．较长单词的处理办法 词尾 -ism -tion m n 缩写 原词 socialism Sm 速记符号 standardization (标准stdn 化) -cian -ing -ed -able/ible/ble -ment -ize -ful o g d bl mt z fl 七．字母、图像、符号
原词 速记符号 ｏ右上角 C 政府 P 政治 G 效率 V 胜利 A 农业 C× 冲突/矛盾 i 工业 U内填入2 U内填入1 U上加一个“/” gO Z主持/主办 ∞ 联系 technician techo marketing (市场营销) MKTg accepted available amendment recognize meaningful acptd avbl amdmt regz mnfl 原词 Janpanese日本人 Governmental official politician inflation Leader/head business work/employ treaty/agreement trilateral (三边的) Multiple(多边主义) country/state/nation outport出口 Chairman/host fishery JPｏ CZ PZ 速记符号 people/person人 Government/govern Politics/political Efficient/effective victory,/win/success agriculture/agriculture conflict/confrontation industry/industrial bilateral（双边的） Unilateralism（单边主义） 谈判破裂 Import进口 chair/ host/preside over contact, exchanges:
Q 通货膨胀 T 领导人 B 商业 W 工作/职业 U 合同/协议 U内填入3 U内填入m □ 国家/民族/领土 Og Z°主席、主持人 ∞ 捕鱼业 20
head of government/ company as we all know/ as is known to all/as you have already heard of pleasant/joyful/happy/excited indifferent/apathetic/unconcern/don’t care much go into/arrive at/give to/send to/present to come/go back to/originate CT international/worldwide/ global/universal meeting/conference/negotiation/seminar/discussion/symposium unsatisfied/discomfort/ angry/sad total/totally/entire/entirely/○ 国际的/世界的/全球的 EO 听到/众所周之 J 开心/高兴/荣幸/好现象 O 漠不关心/无动于衷 ⊙ 会议/开会 L 生气/难过/悲伤/忧虑/不满 on the whole/all in all/to ∑ 总值/总数 sum up lead to/result in/in the direction of be/come from/return/receive from develop/strengthen/promote/ boost,/improve/enhance ups and downs/twists and turns/roller coaster exchange/mutual → 导致/引导 g→ 到达/传达 ←追溯到 ↗ 发射/投放市场/发行 h↑ 上升 ↓ 屈服 VS对手 ++/+2多的比较级 f← 自于 ↑ 发展/加强/推进 << 波折 n交流 launch/open/start up/upward/rise/increase/ arise/ascend submit to a match /rival /competitor/ counterpart/against more many/lots of/a great deal + 多/加之/加上/of/a good many of/plus most about/around/or so/approximately less/smaller inferior to but yet however 补充 +3 多的最高级 little/few/lack/in short of/be － 少/减去/除in shortage of/minus bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than superior to/surpass among/within
去 > 大于/多于/好于/优于 ∧ 高 ( ) 在...之间 ≈ 大约 < 小于/少于/差于/劣于 ∨ 低 ∧ 转折 21
cross out/eliminate / 否定/消除 question/issue ? 问题/疑惑/难题 无敌 wonder/miracle/pay attesion ！惊叹/特别注to say/speak/talk/marks/ announce/declare right/good/famous/well-known stand up for/support/ agree with sb/certain/ affirmative thought 意 : 说/认为/希望 √ 对/正确/好的 Y同意 *想法/重要的/优秀的 __ 强调程度 matchless/peerless end/stop/halt/bring sth to a standstill/stop wrong/incorrect/something bad/notorious/negative not agree/disagree important/best/outstanding/ brilliant under the circumstance ∥ 结束 × 错误/失误/坏 N不同意 ☆ 重要的 ￣ 在…的条件/情况下 ≠ 不同/不等于/不相当/不是 very/extremely means/that is to say/in other =即/等于/相当words/the same as/be equal 于/同等 to and/together with/along &和/与 be different from with/accompany/along with/further more basis of/ perpendicular/ is perpendicular to because/because of/due to about water to with times
belong to ∈ 属于 ⊥ …的基础 ∵ 因为/由于/多亏 ＠ 关于 H2O 2 w/ x therefore/so/as a result/ ∴ 所以/结果 consequently hear/listen parallel for without plus or minus so on, etc, and so forth ○3 听说 // 4 w/o ± ··· 22
divided by degree percent per thousand between ÷ ℃ % ‰ |.| circle, circumference ellipse diameter triangle, delta inside/ among, ○ 0 θ △ within/include/ ( ) maintaining stability: peace and ◎ Empty O as always/hold on,/persist/ ≡ 一直/总是/insist on On the other hand/or Representative/delegation/ delegation hills/mountain 山水之间 above/on/over table/desk/house/building/bed 在桌子下 ω山 ω∕∽ ～上加一点· ︹桌/凳/床/楼/房 ︹下加一短横 一贯 / 或者 △ pressure/influence ⊥(竖线为向下箭头) right angle ocean/sea/river/lake/brook/ stream climb the mountain before/beyond/in front of below/beneath/under 在椅子上 ∟ ∽ 江河湖海水 ω上加一点· ·| ～下加一点· ︹上加一短横 look/ look after/ look into/ ⊙ investigate/witness 资本主义 peace-keeping
资’ 维p 四个现代化 第三世界 4m 3w 23
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