新视野大学英语视听说第4册答案全

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V. Let’s Talk

Script

Hello, everyone. Today I invite you to join me in an exploration off the causes of depression. There ate many factors involved, but I believe some deserve special attention.

Heredity certainly plays a role. .The tendency to develop depression may be inherited; there is evidence that this disorder may run in families.

Physiology is another factor related to depression. There may be changes or imbalances in chemicals which transmit information in the brain called neurotransmitters. Many modern antidepressant drugs attempt to increase levels of certain neurotransmitters so as to increase brain communication. While the causal relationship is unclear; it is known that antidepressant medications do reliever certain symptoms of depression.

Researchers also study psychological factors. They include the complex development of one’s personality and how one has learned to cope with external environmental factors, such as stress. It is freeqently observed that low self-esteem and self-defeating thinking are connected with depression. While it is not clear which is the cause and which is the effect, it is known that sufferers who are able to make corrections to their thinking patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem.

Another factor causing depression is one’s early experiences. Events such as the death of a parent, the divorce of the parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse can also increase the likelihood of depression later in life.

Some present experiences may also lead to depression. Job loss, financial difficulties, long periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or other painful events may trigger depression. Long-term stress at home, work, or school can also be involved.

It is worth nothing that those living with someone suffering from \\depression experience increased anxiety which adds to the possibility of their also becoming depressed. Depression-causing Problem Description Solution Factors Heredity It is inherited and run in families. Physiology changes or imbalances in Antidepressant drugs chemicals called relieve certain symptoms neurotransmitters, which transmit of depression. information in the brain Psychological Factors Low self-esteem and Sufferers who make self-defeating thinking are correction to their connected with depression. thinking patterns can show improved mood - 1 -

and self-esteem. Early Experiences Event like the death of a parent, the divorce of parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse can increase the likelihood of depression. Present Experiences Job loss, financial difficulties, long periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or long-term stress may trigger depression. Living with somebody This causes increased anxiety, with depression which adds to the possibility of their also becoming depressed. Uint2

V. Let’s Talk

Script

Greetings, ladies and gentlemen. I hope you’ll find it interesting how to be fashionable without spending too much money.

Sure, some famous stars always look stylish. They have unlimited clothing budgets that put the latest looks at their fingertips! But you can also look amazing without spending lots of money on your wardrobes. Simple try the following suggestions on for size.

First, you should make seasonal purchases; that is, you should buy winter coats, leather jackets, bathing suits, ad summer dress at the end of the season. You’ll get major discounts as you stock up for the next year.

If you want clothes to wear right now, you can go to discount stores. They may not be the place to buy an expensive evening dress, but they’re perfect for buying things like T-shirts

There is yet another cheap way of you to buy stylish clothes. Many department stores have a store brand. It means they offer current styles but are much cheaper than big-name brands.

To save money, an important principle for you to follow is to not buy “outfits”. With the exception of suits, interchangeable piece are more affordable—buying clothing in separate.

Wear-with- anything pieces are always a good buy. For example, you can almost always wear a pair of black trousers and a white dress skirt; you can wear them several times a week, paired with different accessories.

If you can’t afford expensive clothes, you can spend money on accessories such as nice shoes and fashionable bags. Such extras make even the simplest outfit look polished.

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Finally, a great haircut always helps. When you hair looks fabulous, you look more stylish and fashionable. Money-saving Methods Detailed Description seasonal purchases You should buy things at the end of the season. You’ll get major discounts, and you’ll be stocked up for the next year. discount stores They’re perfect for buying things like T-shirts. A store brand Stores offer current styles that are much cheaper than big-name brands. Don’t buy outfits Buying separates is much more affordable. Wear-with- anything pieces You can almost always wear a pair of black trousers and a white dress skirt; you can wear them several times a week, paired with different accessories. spend money on accessories Examples are nice shoes and fashionable bags. Such extras make even the simplest outfit look polished a great haircut You look more stylish and fashionable with a nice haircut. Uint3

V. Let’s Talk

Script

A natural disaster is the consequence of a hazardous event, occurring when human activities are affected by adverse natural phenomena such as flood, drought, hailstorm, heat wave, forest fore, hurricanes or typhoons, tornado, tsunami, landsides and mudslides, or volcanic eruption. The resulting deaths or property damages depend on the human ability to resist the disasters.

Sometimes two seemingly different disasters may be related to each other. For example, an undersea earthquake may result in a tsunami. While there is a long dry spell in one area, there may be a great flood in another. It is necessary for human beings to understand and combat natural disasters.

A drought is a long-lasting weather pattern consisting of dry conditions with very little or no precipitation. During this period, food and water supplies can run low, and other condition, such as famine, can result. Drought can last for several years and are particularly damaging in areas in which the residents depend on agriculture for survival.

A flood follows too much rain or water in a location, and could be the result of many different conditions. Floods can be caused by heavy rainfall from a storm, including thunderstorms, rapid melting of a large amounts of snow, or rivers which swell from

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too much precipitation upstream, causing widespread damage to areas downstream. Another possible cause of a flood is the bursting of man-made dams. Description Adverse natural phenomena such as flood, drought, hailstorm, heat wave, Natural disaster forest fore, hurricanes or typhoons, tornado, tsunami, landsides and mudslides, and volcanic eruption. They are related to each other. An undersea earthquake may result in a Relationship Between Two Disasters tsunami. While there is a long dry spell i n one area, there may be a great flood in another. During a drought, food and water supplies can run low, and other condition, such as famine, can result. Drought are particularly damaging in areas in which Drought the residents depend on agriculture for survival. Floods can be caused by long rainfall from a storm, including thunderstorms, rapid melting of a large amounts of snow, or rivers which swell from too much Flood precipitation upstream, causing widespread damage to areas down stream. Another cause of a flood is the bursting of man-made dams. Uint4

V. Let’s Talk

Script

Lillian: Mr. Baxter, you have worked in the company for five years, and you manage everything here smoothly, like a clock. Could you tell us the secret of your successful career?

Baxter: Just as the golden rule of real estate is location, location, location, the golden rule of work is relationships, relationships, relationships. Unfortunately, many workers focus so hard on the job at hand that they never develop useful relationships with people in other parts of their organization. Worse, when they do interact with colleagues in other departments, they may not treat then with respect. Lillian: Could you give more details?

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Baxter: Let’s take Wendy as an example. She switched jobs several months ago in the company. In her first position, as a marketing manager, she frequently found herself in conflict with the financial department over her staff’s expenses. Her argument for more funds usually ended in vain.

Then in her new job as training administrator, she wanted to launch an on-the-job training project. She needed the financial department to support her request for a budget. How did she convince them this time?

Although the financial department’s offices were located in another city, Wendy decided to visit them in their offices and try to establish closer relationships. She believed she must first of all understand their mission and their own training needs. Then she found an ally in the company’s chief financial officer, who saw how her group could help develop his staff. So the two forged a long-tern=m alliance, which led to a training program so successful that it has since been picked up by the company’s offices in Germany and Japan.

Winning allies throughout your organization has an additional benefit. These days, it’s far too risky to expect your work to speak for itself. Having allies who speak well of you increases your reputation with the top management. Positive Statements Negative Statements The golden rule of work is relationships. Many workers never develop useful relationships with people in other parts of their organization. Worse, they may not treat then with respect. Wendy frequently found herself in conflict with the financial department over her staff’s expenses. Her argument for more funds usually ended in vain. She and the company’s chief financial officer forged a long-term alliance, which led to a training program so successful that it has since been picked up by the company’s offices in Germany and Japan. Having allies who speak well of you increases your reputation with the top management. - 5 -