语法复习—名词

语法复习—名词

名词的数量及用法可谓纷繁复杂，高考题中每年都有对名词的考查。近几年考卷对该部分的单纯考查在逐渐减少，但有向完形填空和短文改错等题型迁移的特征。我们主要应当从以下几方面复习名词： 1、名词的“数”

2、名词的“格”（所有格） 3、名词作定语的形式

4、在一定语境中名词的词意辨析 5、链接语法：主谓一致

（一）名词是表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称的词。

名词包括：普通名词 book, pen, man，专有名词 Mary, Beijing ，不可数名词，可数名词。物质名词 water, sand ，抽象名词 happiness, success， 集合名词 family, team Ⅰ. 名词的数

在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点： 1、注意以下名词数的概念 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词（多为学科名词），如 physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States

抽象名词：表示具体或特定的事物时，前面应有不定冠词，如a pleasure/pity/surprise /success/failure/shame /an honor/ a bright future/ a strong character/ a great help/a waste of time

总称名词：表示一类事物的总称，不能加s，如：machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence

单数和复数形式表达不同的意思，如：chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉 / fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸 / papers试卷; water水 / waters水域，room空间/ rooms房间

只有复数形式的名词，如 glasses（眼镜），trousers, clothes，scissors等，注意加单位名词的用法：a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义，如people , cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词（表示一类人）

以复数形式出现，表达复数含义，如belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops 2、集合名词的数

注意主谓一致：看成一个整体时，谓语用单数，若侧重各个成员时，则用复数 eg: a) The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. b) My family are going with me. 3、单复数同形的名词

如：fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works eg: How many deer are there in Dafeng now? 4、由连字符构成的复合名词的“数“：

a）合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数：

lookers-on 参观者 sons-in-law 女婿 editors-in-chief主编 shoe-makers 鞋匠 b）如果没有主体名词，在最后一个词上加复数词尾：

go-betweens 中间人 grown-ups 成人 follow-ups 续集 good-for-nothings 饭桶 c) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时定语和被修饰词都变成复数：

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men workers women teachers gentlemen officials

5、不规则名词的“数“：常用改变元音字母或词尾加en的方法构成 如：woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses 6、专有名词的“数”

史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽 two Marys 7、固定结构中名词的“数” 1) take pains 费劲做„„ 2) make arrangements 安排 3) make preparations准备

4) keep on good terms with 和某人相处融洽

5) be in high / low spirits精神高昂的/精神低靡的 6) extend thanks to 表达谢意 7) by means of 通过„„方式 8) give regards of 向某人问好 9) give respects to尊敬

Ⅱ. 名词所有格

英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher’s book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1）单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾没有s的，也要加’s，如the boy’s bag 男孩的书包，men’s room 男厕所。

2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加’，如：the workers’ struggle 工人的斗争。

3）复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加’s, 如 her brother-in-law’s bike, someone else’s keys ,a day or two’s rest

4）凡不能加’s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

5）分别格

如果两个名词并列，并且分别有’s，则表示分别有；只有一个’s，则表示共有。 John’s and Mary’s rooms（两间） John and Mary’s room（一间） 6）省略格：

在表示店铺或教堂，诊所的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词，

在诊所at the doctor’s 在我姐家at my sister’s 7）双重格：

of +名词’s 结构，如 a friend of my father’s , works of Lu Xun’s 比较：This is a picture of my friend’s. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。 This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片。

Ⅲ. 名词的修饰语

1. 直接用名词来修饰名词

金戒指 gold ring; 物理实验室 physics lab; 咖啡杯coffee cup; 油壶 oil pot; 苹果籽 apple seeds；

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2. 关于表示数量（许多）的修饰语：

a good many ,a number of , numbers of , a great deal of , a large amount of , a large quantity of, large quantities of , a lot of, lots of , more than one , many a, a few, a little

随堂例题剖析：

1. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his __ was seen at its best when he worked with others.

A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character 2. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his__________. A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind

3. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _______ all over the country. A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses 4. My ________of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends. A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought

5. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _____ drawing millions of visitors from all parts of the world every year.

A. interest B. view C. scene D. attraction

6. How did you like the ____ of the interpreter at the Chinese FM press conference of 6-party talks on TV?

A. performance B. achievement C. material D. words 7. — I’ll come and see you next Sunday.

— Is that a _________? Don’t disappoint me, I hope. A. promise B. decision C. request D. possibility

8. Before the final examination, many students have shown ________ of tension. Some have trouble in sleep while others have lost their appetite

A. anxiety B. marks C. signs D. remarks 9. —How is Tom getting along with his new job?

—Perhaps he is very busy. __________ has come from him all the week. A. A word B. No a word C. No word D. No words

10. She is always ready to help people in trouble because she thinks it is a_____. A. business B. reward C. pleasure D. favor

【模拟试题】（答题时间：20分钟）

1. As a result of the heavy snow, the highway has been closed up until further__________.

A. news B. information C. notice D. message

2. In a time of social reform, people’s state of mind tends to keep __________ with the rapid changes of society.

A. step B. pace C. progress D. touch

3. We’ll all have to bear it in ___ that self-confidence is the key point for a person’s success. A. head B. mind C. heart D. brain 4. You should take the medicine after you read the __________. A. introduction B. words C. instructions D. suggestions 5. John tried hard to find a job in the sales department, but he had no ________. A. chance B. time C. money D. luck

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6. She took _______ to study the problem.

A. much pain B. a lot of pain C. pain D. great pains

7. The assignment for Thursday is to write _________ composition about your hometown. A. a five-hundred-words B. a five-hundred-word C. a five-hundreds-word D. a five-hundred-words’ 8. It’s _________for a child to read. A. a too difficult book B. rather a difficult book C. quite a difficult book D. too difficult a book 9. It’s _________ as the one we did last month. A. as dangerous a job B. as a dangerous job C. so dangerous a job D. such dangerous job 10. I called at ___________ three times the day before yesterday. A. my teacher B. my teachers C. my teacher’s D. the teacher of mine

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【试题答案】

BBBCD DBDAC

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