《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案
Chapter 1
7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.
a. tart: loose woman
b. bloke: fellow
c. gat: pistol
d. swell: great
e. chicken: coward
f. blue: fight
g. smoky: police
h. full: drunk
i. dame: woman
j. beaver: girl
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8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words.
haply = perhaps
albeit = although
methinks = it seems to me eke = also
sooth = truth
morn = morning
troth = pledge
ere = before
quoth = said
hallowed = holy
billow = wave / the sea
bade = bid
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12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans.
Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband
Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu
Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see
Semantic loans: dream
Chapter 2
1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?
The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.
2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
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Indo-European Language Family
Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English
Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Swedish
Prussian Irish Italian German
Polish Portuguese Norweigian
Slavenian Icelandic
Russian Danish
Bulgarian Dutch
6. Here is a text chosen from the Declaration of Independence.
“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the
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causes which impel them to the separation.”
Pick out all the words of Greek or Latin origin from the text and see of what origin are the words left. What insight does this exercise give you with reference to the borrowings from Greek and Latin?
“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”
Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.
8. Tell the different elements that make up the following hybrids.
eventful [Latin + English]
falsehood [ Latin + English]
saxophone [German + Greek]
joss house [ Portuguese + English]
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hydroplane [Greek + Latin]
pacifist [Latin + Greek]
heirloom [ French + English]
television [Greek + Latin]
9. Put the following French loan words into two groups, one being early borrowings and the other late ones.
amateur (late)
finacé (late)
empire (early)
peace (E)
courage (E)
garage (L)
judgement (E)
chair (E)
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chaise (L)
grace (E)
servant (E)
routine (L)
jealous (E)
savaté (L)
genre (L)
gender (E)
début (L)
morale (L)
state (E)
chez (L)
ballet (L)
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11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitons.
allegro, f. in fast tempo轻快
andante, j. in moderate tempo行板
diminuendo, g. decreasing in volume渐弱
largo, d. in a slow stately manner缓慢
pianoforte, a. soft and loud轻转强
alto, i. lowest singing boice for woman女低音
crescendo, b. increasing in volume渐强
forte, e. loud强
piano, h. soft轻
soprano, c. highest singing voice for women女高音
12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which eachhas been borrowed.
cherub (Hebrew)
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coolie (Hindi)
lasso (Sp)
shampoo (Indian)
tepee (Am Ind)
kibitz (G)
chipmunk (Am Ind) cotton (Arab)
loot (Hindi)
snorkel (G)
tulip (Turk)
wok (Ch)
chocolate (Mex)
jubilee (Gr)
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Sabbath (Heb)
tamale (Mex)
voodoo (Afr)
sauerbraten (G)
13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources. Choose a word to fill in each space.
a. A crocodile much resembles an _____ in appearance.
b. “To give up a young lady like that,” said Andy. “A man would have to be plumb _____.
c. There was a big increase this summer in the number of competitors in calf roping at the annual _____ held in Three Forks.
d. This duke ranch we have developed has done well so far, but it promises next year to be a real _____ , enough to make us all rich.
e. Some Eskimos build a winter shelter from snow called an _____.
f. The Germans perfected a type of motorized attack in the Second World War that they called a _____.
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g. The Algonquin Indian in eastern and central North America lived in a domed shelter they called a _____.
h. Columbus in 1493 used a Carib Indian word _____ to describe the small boats the native used.
i. In the West Indies the local name fro a violent tropical cyclone is a _____.
j. The Australian aborigines use a throwing stick that they call a _____.
k. “Look like rain, boy,” sang out Luke. “Better get out your _____.”
a. alligator b. loco c. rodeo d. bonanza e. igloo f. blitzkrieg g. wigwam h. canoe i. hurricane
j. boomerang k. panchos
Chapter 3
1. Write the term in the blanks accoding to the definitions.
a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )
b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )
c. a moepheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )
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d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )
e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )
f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )
g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )
h. what ratains of a word after the removal of all affies ( )
i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( )
j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )
a. morpheme b. allomorph c. bound morpheme d. free morpheme e. affix f. informational affix g. derivational affix h. root i. stem j. base
3. individualistic
individualist + ic [stem, base]
individual + ist [stem, base]
individu + al [stem, base]
in + dividu [root, stem, base]
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undesirables
un + desirable [stem, base]
desir + able [root, stem, base]
4. Organize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.
affix morpheme
derivational affix free root
bound root inflectional affix
prefix free morpheme
bound morpheme suffix
morpheme – free morpheme = free root
-- bound morpheme – bound root
-- affix – inflectional affix
-- derivational affix – prefix
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-- suffix
Chapter 4
Affixation
5. Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.
non-smoker disobey immature unwillingness illogical non-athletic incapable
insecurity
inability/disability
illegal
disloyal
unofficially
disagreement inconvenient impractical irrelevant
6. Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs with –en, -ify, -ize and then choose them to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.
harden memorize deepen lengthen fatten horrify falsify glorify intensify sympathize modernize apologize sterilize beautify
a. apologized b. beautify c. lengthening d. sympathized e. fatten f. falsify g. memorizing h. Sterilize
7. Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Complete the sentence by using this word to form a noun to refer to a person.
a. If you are employed by a company, you are one of its _____.
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b. A _____ is someone whose job is politics.
c. The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.
d. A woman who works as a _____ does the same job as a waiter.
e. The person who conducts an orchestra or choir is called the _____.
f. Your _____ is the person who teaches you.
g. A _____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.
h. If someone examnines you, you are the _____ and he or she is the _____.
a. employee b. politician c. participant d. waitress e. conductor f. teacher g. pianist h. examinee/examiner
8. Match Colume A with Colume B and give two examples for each.
trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world
trans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculture
super- = over, above: superstructure, supernatural
auto- = self: autobiography, automobile
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sub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition
mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar
pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection
ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer
Compounding
2. Analyse the following compound words and explain their internal grammatical relationship.
heartbeat [S + V]
movie-goer [place + V]
far- reaching [V + Adv]
lion-hearted [adv + a]
boyfriend [S + complement]
snap decision [V + O]
on-coming [V +adv]
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brainwashing [V + O]
baking powder [ V +adv]
dog-tired [adv + a]
love-sick [adv + a]
peace-loving [V +O]
easy chair [ a + n]
tax-free [adv +a]
light-blue [a + a]
goings-on [V +adv]
4. Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element of the compound as indicated and translate the words into Chinese.
well-bred / well-behaved, needle work / homework, bar-woman / sportswoman, clear-minded / strong-minded, self-control / self-respect, water-proof / fire-proof, news-film / news-letter, sister-in-law / father-in-law, half-way / half-done, age-conscious / status-conscious, culture-bound / homebound, praiseworthy / respectworthy, nation-wide / college-wide,
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military-style / newstyle, budget-related / politics-related, once-fashionable / once-powerful, mock-attack / mock-sadness, home-baked / home-produced, ever-lasting / ever-green, campus-based / market-based
Conversion
7. Pick out the words which you think are converted in the following sentences and tell how they are converted.
a. We can’t stomach such an insult.
b. Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.
c. he wolfed down his lunch
d. There is no come and go with her.
e. I’m one of his familiars.
f. Poor innocents!
g. She flatted her last note.
h. The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.
i. Come to the fire and have a warm.
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j. Is Bill Jackson a has-been or a might-have-been?
k. He Hamleted at the chance and then he regretted for it.
l. These shoes were an excellent buy.
m. He turned his head and smoothed back the hair over one temple.
a. stomach [n → v] b. room [n → v] c. wolf [n → v] d. come/go [v → n] e. familiar [a → n]
f. innocent [a → n] g. flat [a → n] h. ah / ouch [int → v] i. warm [a → n]
j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n] k. Hamlet [proper n → v] l. buy [v → n]
m. smooth [a → v]
Blending
Analyse the blends and translate them into Chinese.
motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆
humint (human + intelligence) 谍报
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advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学
psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家
hoverport (hovercraft + port) 气垫船码头
chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道
hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真录音设备
cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影女演员
Clipping
Restore the full forms of the following words and see how these clipped words are formed.
copter (helicopter)
ab (laboratory)
gas (gasoline)
scope (telescope)
sarge (sergeant)
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ad (advertisement)
dorm (dormitory)
prefab (prefabricated house)
prof (professor)
champ (champion)
mike (microphone)
tec (detective)
Acronymy
2. What do the short forms stand for?
kg = kilogram
cm = centimeter
ibid = ibidem
ft = foot
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$ = dollar
etc. = et cetera
cf = confer
VIP = very important person
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
TOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language
3. Choose a word from the list to fill in each of the blanks.
a. There was a wide coverage of the _____ talks in the press.
b. There are enemy aircraft on the _____ screen.
c. _____ is still an incurable disease.
d. If one knows _____ language, one will find it easy to learn how to use computers.
e. _____ has long been applied to surgery in medicine.
f. _____ is an international agency of the United Nations which is concerned
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with improving health standards and services throughout the world.
g. Passive _____ listens for noises emanating from a submarine.
h. The person who works for the Federal Bureau of Investigation is called a _____.
a. SALT b. radar c. AIDS d. BASIC e. Laser f. WHO g. sonar h. G-man
Backformation
2. Give the original words from which the following words back-formed.
lase (laser)
escalate (escalator)
babysit (babysitter)
peeve (peevish)
orate (orator)
commute (commuter)
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are
Commonization of Proper Names
Study the following sentences and pick out the words which used to be proper names and explain the meanings in relation to their origins.
a. tantalize—Tantalus
b. Argus-eyed—Argus
c. narcissism—Narcissus
d. sabotage—sabots
e. martinet—Martinet
f. yahoo—Yahoo
g. Shylock—Shylock
h. hoovering—Hoover
i. utopia—Utopia
j. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom Chapter 5
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6. Match the words in Colume A with those in Colume B.
A B
apes—b
cattle—m
doves—c
geese—k
wolves—g
pigs—l
turkeys—d
birds—a
cricket—n
foxes—j
sheep—f
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monkeys—e
hyenas—h
swans—i
9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.
b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror\
c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.
10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)
articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)
gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)
rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)
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fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)
mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)
11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative
1 particular 2 critical 3 style/vogue 4 artful 5 unstable 6 developing backward
7 encourage / promote 8 group 14. bull [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]
cow [– HUMAN – MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]
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fastidious / fussy
fault-finding / picky
fad
cunning / sly
fickle / capricious
underdeveloped / instigate
clique / gang
calf [– HUMAN + MALE - ADULT + BOVINE]
rooster [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]
hen [– HUMAN – MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]
chicken [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]
– HUMAN
bull cow calf +BOVINE
rooster hen chicken +GALLINE
+ MALE – MALE + ADULT
Chapter 6
Polysemy
board
a piece of timber
table
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dining table council table
food served at the table; councilors; committee;
meal supplied by the week or month directors of a company
Homonymy
4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.
2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.
3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down
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his upper limbs.
Synonymy
3. avaricious: greedy
courteously: politely
emancipate: set free
customary: usual
width: breadth
adversary: opponent
gullible: deceived
remainder: residue
innocent: sinless
obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance
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5. a. identifiable
b. safety
c. motivates
d. delicate
e. surroundings
f. artificial
g. prestige
h. perspire
i. accomplishment j. silent
k. impressive
l. evaporate
6. run move spin
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turn whirl roll
7. a. stead
b. gee-gee
c. ripe
d. mature
e. effective
f. efficient
g. fatigued, children h. tired, kids
i. declined
j. refused
k. rancid
l. addled
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m. Penalties
n. fines
o. rebuked
p. accused
Antonymy
5. a. similar / same
b. safe
c. sharp / smart
d. send
e. stingy / selfish
f. significant / sensible
g. skeptical / suspicious h. simple
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i. sure
j. slipshod / slovenly / sloppy
k. sleepiness / sleep / slumber
l. smooth
m. subjective
n. sob / scowl
6. a. old-fashioned
b. completely
c. moisture
d. special
e. essential
f. similarity
g. innocent
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h. rigid
i. loosen
j. clarity
k. deserted
l. fruitful
m. peremptory
n. depressed
o. indifferent
7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever
b. wisdom—follies
c. haste—leisure
d. penny—pound, wise—foolish
e. speech—silence
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f. absence—presence
g. admonish—praise
h. young—old
i. wise men—fools saint—devil
j. mind—body
k. foul—fair
l. danger—security
m. deliberate--prompt
n. children—parents
o. bully—coward
p. head—tail
8. right—wrong
dry—sweet
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strong—faint
light—dark
high—low / deep
private—public
single—return
hard—easy
rough—calm
cold—warm
Hyponymy
3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bed
matter: liquid, gas, solid
meat: pork, beef, mutton
go: run, fly, walk
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4. profession workplace
surgeon: clinic, hospital
plumber: house, building
lawyer: office, law courts
mechanic: garage
photographer: studio
foreman: worksite, factory
5. BEDROOM
rug, sleepers, carpet, bed wardrob mattress dressing gown mirror
pillows pyjamas comb
sheets clothes hairbrush
blanket
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dressing table
6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.
In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be
described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.
Semantic field
3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.
Chapter 7
4. 1) extension
2) extension
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3) narrowing
4) degradation
5) elevation
6) narrowing
7) extension
8) extension
9) narrowing
10) elevation
11) narrowing
12) degradation
13) degradation
14) degradation
5. a. associated transfer
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b. abstract to concrete
c. abstract to concrete
d. abstract to concrete
e. abstract to concrete
f. abstract of concrete
g. associated transfer
h. associated transfer
i. synesthesia
j. synesthesia
6. a. objective
b. subjective, objective
c. objective
d. subjective
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e. subjective
f. subjective
g. subjective
h. subjective, objective 7. a. die
b. graveyard
c. bedlam 疯人院
d. old people
e. strike
f. Policeman
g. stupid pupil
h. poor people
i. toilet
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j. fat person
k. unemployed mother
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