专升本英语(阅读)模拟试卷65(题后含答案及解析)

专升本英语（阅读）模拟试卷65 (题后含答案及解析)

全部题型 5. Reading Comprehension

Part III Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are four passages. Each passage is followed by a number of comprehension questions. Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question. Then, mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea”. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote , and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question “What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (推测) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.

1． The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly______ . A．for oceanographic studies B．for military purposes

C．for business considerations

D．for investigating the depths of the oceans

正确答案：C

解析：文章第三段第二句中提到“The first time that the question ‘What is at

the bottom of the oceans?’ had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed．”其中“had to be answered with any commercial consequence”即是选项中的“for business considerations”，故选C。 知识模块：阅读理解

2． It was________that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies. A．the American Navy

B．some early intercontinental travelers C．those who earned a living from the sea

D．the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable

正确答案：D 解析：文章第四段第一句说到“It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned，in 1853，for information on this matter．”其中“turn to Maury”即是选项中的“asked Maury for help”，而寻求帮助的对象是the Atlantic company，也同D项表述相近，故选D。此题的关键是读懂原文中的强调句型。 知识模块：阅读理解

3． The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840 s was________. A．to make some sound experiments in the oceans B．to collect samples of sea plants and animals

C．to estimate the length of cable that was to be made D．to measure the depths of two oceans

正确答案：D

解析：文章第四段第二句说到“In the 1840s，Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(探测)were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans．”其中“investigate”是测量的意思，

与选项中的“measure”相对应。故选D。 知识模块：阅读理解

4． “Defied” in the 5th paragraph probably means________. A．doubted

B．gave proof to C．challenged D．agreed to

正确答案：C

解析：解决这类题的关键在于根据“defied”前后句的意思来进行推测，前句中有“it was found to be covered in living growths”，而后句中“there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea”，由前后句的对比可知，只有选项C符合此意。 知识模块：阅读理解

5． The passage is mainly about________. A．the beginnings of oceanography

B．the laying of the first undersea cable C．the investigation of ocean depths

D．the early intercontinental communication

正确答案：A

解析：通读全文可看出，文章中心与主题在首段首句。因此选A。其他三项均是细节，不能用细节作为主旨大意题的答案。 知识模块：阅读理解

President Coolidge’s statement, “The business of America is business,” still points to an important truth today—that business institutions have more prestige (威望) in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige? One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work is protected. Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly (垄断) of power. In contrast to one, all-powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers’ dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves. A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even though government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many Americans believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy in preserving freedom. Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity. Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic (贵族的) idea of inherited privilege.

6． The statement “The business of America is business” probably means________.

A．The business institutions in America are concerned with commerce B．Business problems are of great importance to the American government C．Business is of primary concern to Americans D．America is a great power in world business

正确答案：C

解析：关键在于理解第一段的含义。Business有“商业”的意思，还有“事务、职责”的意思，第一个“business”指“头等大事”，第二个“business”指“生意、商业”。通读全文也可看出商业经济是美国人非常关注的事情。故选C。 知识模块：阅读理解

7． Americans believe that they can realize their personal values only________. A．when given equality of opportunity B．through doing business

C．by protecting their individual freedom D．by ways of competition

正确答案：D 解析：解答此题的关键信息在第二段，由第二段最后一句“Competition is not only good in itself，it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom，equality of opportunity， and hard work is protected．”可推断出竞争可以使美国人实现他们的个人价值，故选D。 知识模块：阅读理解

8． Who can benefit from business competition? A．Honest businessmen.

B．Both businessmen and their customers. C．People with ideals of equality and freedom. D．Both business institutions and government.

正确答案：B 解析：从文章第三段讲述中可推断出竞争在保护顾客利益的同时也保护公司的利益，故选B。 知识模块：阅读理解

9． Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by________.

A．its absolute control of power

B．its function in preserving personal freedom C．its role in protecting basic American values D．its democratic way of exercising leadership

正确答案：A 解析：由文章第四段第一句“A contrast is often made between business，which is competitive，and government，which is a monopoly．”可知商业和政府之间的不同在于商业具有竞争性，而政府则是权力垄断。而“Monopoly”和选项中的“absolute control”是同义替换，因此正确答案为A。 知识模块：阅读理解

10． It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes________. A．Americans are more ambitious than people in other countries B．in many countries success often depends on one’s social status

C．American businesses are more democratic than those in other countries D．business in other countries are not as competitive as those in America

正确答案：B

解析：最后一段第二句中说到“Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background．”其中“social class background”与选项中的“social status”对应。最后一句也点明了作者的观点，即：商业应该表达的是平等的理念而不是继承特

权的贵族理念。因此正确答案为B。其他几项在文中都找不到依据。 知识模块：阅读理解

The appeal of advertising to buying motives can both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisements have appealed to people’s desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers’ money. Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago, a brand of bread was offered to dieters(节食 者) with the message that there were fewer calories (热量单位，卡路里) in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic (适合于节食的), but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer’s real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising. Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control final buying decision.

11． Advertising can persuade the consumer to buy worthless product by________.

A．stressing their high quality

B．convincing him of their low price

C．maintaining a balance between quality and price D．appealing to his buying motives

正确答案：D

解析：由文章第一段前两句话及所给的例子可以推知，广告通过激发消费者

的购买欲望来使其购买物品，故选D。 知识模块：阅读理解

12． The reason why the bread advertisement is misleading is that________. A．thin slices of bread could contain more calories B．the loaf was cut into regular slices C．the bread was not genuine bread

D．the total number of calories in the loaf remained the same

正确答案：D

解析：第二段最后一句话说“There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin，but there were the same number of calories in every loaf．”选项D是换了一个说法而已，所以D项正确。 知识模块：阅读理解

13． The passage tells us that________.

A．sometimes advertisements really sell what the consumer needs

B．advertisements occasionally force consumers into buying things they don’t need

C．the buying motives of consumers are controlled by advertisements D．fire insurance is seldom a worthwhile investment

正确答案：A

解析：文中第一段倒数第二句“Some of the products work．”和第三段第一句“On the positive side，emotional appeals may respond to a consumer’s real concerns．”与选项中的“really sell what the consumer needs”意义相符。故选A。 知识模块：阅读理解

14． It can be inferred from the passage that a smart consumer should________. A．think carefully about the benefits described in the advertisements B．guard against the deceiving nature of advertisements C．be familiar with various advertising strategies

D．avoid buying products that have strong emotional appeal

正确答案：A 解析：在论述了广告正反两方面的影响后，第四段又有“Each consumer must

evaluate her or his own situation”(消费者应有自己的评判)，这正是A的意思。 知识模块：阅读理解

15． The passage is mainly about________. A．how to make a wise buying decision

B．ways to protect the interests of the consumer C．the positive and negative aspects of advertising D．the function of advertisements in promoting sales

正确答案：C

解析：首段首句即是中心，而且文章第二段讲广告的消极影响，第三段讲广告的积极影响，选项C包括这两方面，因此为正确答案。 知识模块：阅读理解

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning”. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associates his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning”. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

16． The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to________. A．teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions B．give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning

C．give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learning

D．discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced

正确答案：B

解析：通读全文可看出，文章主要是关于两个定义的讲述：一种是“经典性条件反射”，一种是“操作性条件反射”。文章对这两种模式进行了解释，因此读懂两个定义是非常关键的。所以选B，其他三项均不正确。 知识模块：阅读理解

17． If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through________that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater

efforts to be humorous in his presence.

A．classical conditioning B．neither of them

C．operant conditioning

D．some other sorts of conditioning

正确答案：C 解析：从文章第二段可知，“operant conditioning”是“learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments．”因此题目中的例子是“操作性条件反射”。 知识模块：阅读理解

18． If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through________.

A．classical conditioning B．both of them

C．operant conditioning D．neither of them

正确答案：A 解析：从文章第一段可知，“classical conditioning”是“This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by，a reward or punishment．”因此题目中的例子是“经典性条件反射”。答案为A。 知识模块：阅读理解

19． In the third paragraph, the author is________.

A．discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day

B．talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning

C．concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on

D．using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning

正确答案：D

解析：第三段所举例子都是为了进一步说明经典性条件反射。 知识模块：阅读理解

20． In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss________.

A．definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings B．the third kind of learning

C．further examples of learning through operant conditioning D．none of the above

正确答案：C

解析：从文章结构来看，文章一开始就说明了学习的两种模式，而后又分别定义了这两种模式——“经典性条件反射”和“操作性条件反射”。第三段是进一步举例说明经典性条件反射，由此可以推断下一段将进一步举例说明操作性条件反射。故选C。 知识模块：阅读理解

The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched (草盖的) roof cottages around a church; a driver through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildings—these are still common sights in parts of England. Most people will agree that the thatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the English countryside. Thatching is in fact the oldest of all the building crafts practised in the British Isles. Although thatch has always been used for cottage and farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches, too. Thatching is a solitary craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practiced today has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. In fact, if we look at developing countries, over half the world lives under thatch, but they all do it different ways. People in developing countries are often reluctant to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modern buildings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import the necessary materials. Their temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wild grasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defense against the heat.

21． Which of the following remains a unique feature of the English countryside?

A．Narrow streets lined with pink or while houses. B．Rolling hills with pretty farm buildings. C．Cottages with thatched roofs.

D．Churches with cottages around them.

正确答案：C

解析：第一段末句“Most people will agree that the thatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the English countryside．”其中“essential part of the attraction”与题目中的“a unique feature”相对应，故选C。 知识模块：阅读理解

22． What do we know about thatching as a craft? A．It is a collective activity.

B．It is practised on farms all over England.

C．It is quite different from what it used to be.

D．It is in most cases handed down among family members.

正确答案：D

解析：第三段第一句说“Thatching is a solitary craft，which often runs in families．”其中“runs in families”与D选项一致，故D正确。 知识模块：阅读理解

23． Thatched houses are still preferred because of________. A．their style and comfort B．their durability

C．their easy maintenance

D．their cheap and ready-made materials

正确答案：A

解析：第三段末句“Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter．”与选项A一致。 知识模块：阅读理解

24． People in developing countries also live under thatch because________. A．thatched cottages are a big tourist attraction B．thatched roof houses are the cheapest

C．thatch is an effective defense against the heat

D．they like thatched houses better than other buildings

正确答案：B

解析：文章第四段第三句讲到“However，they may lack the money to allow them to import the necessary materials．”即解释了为什么发展中国家的人们居住在草屋里。故选B。 知识模块：阅读理解

25． We can learn from the passage that________.

A．thatched cottages in England have been passed down from ancient times B．thatching is a building craft first creates by the English C．the English people have a special liking for thatched houses D．most thatched cottages in England are located on hillsides

正确答案：A 解析：根据文章第二段第一句“Thatching is in fact the oldest of all the building crafts practiced in the British Isles(英伦诸岛)．”可以推断，A为正确答案。 知识模块：阅读理解