(全)2021高考英语-阅读专项精练-含详解+译文

高考英语-阅读专项精练-含详解+译文

① NASA Kelly twins study shows harsh effects of space flight and a brutal return to Earth

②Astronaut Scott Kelly made himself a guinea pig（天竺鼠） for all the people who dream of human journeys to Mars and other destinations in space. In 2015, Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit, while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated \"twins study,\" designed to see what spaceflight does to the human body.

③The full results, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that Scott Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomal changes during his long stay in orbit, including changes in gene expression. His immune system went on high alert, both when he went to space and upon returning to Earth. His body acted as if it were under attack.

④One of the most dramatic findings concerned epigenetics — how genes are turned on or off to produce proteins. Gene expression changed in both Kellys during the study but in significantly different ways. The study found that more than 90 percent of Scott Kelly's gene expression changes reverted to normal when he returned to the surface.

⑤His telomeres(（染色体）端粒 lengthened in space. But that's no fountain of

youth, the study found, because the telomeres shortened dramatically when he returned to Earth.

⑥Months later, he still showed a slightly increasing number of cells with shortened telomeres(染色体端粒), possibly an effect of radiation exposure. \"He might be at some increased risk for cardiovascular disease or some types of cancer,\" said Susan Bailey, a biologist at Colorado State University who led one of the investigations in the study.

1. What are epigenetics?

2. What happens to an astronaut's body after a space flight?

3. What was the most striking aspect of the study?

4. What does the word \"revert\" mean in paragraph 4? Use more examples to explain it

5. What can you learn from Susan Bailey's words?

A. 90 percent of Scott Kelly's gene expression changes can return to normal when he returned to the surface.

B. Scott Kelly will appear younger because his telomeres(（染色体）端粒 lengthened in space.

C. Working in space will have no effect on one's immune system.

D. Kelly's might be more likely to develop cardiovascular disease or some types of cancer.

① NASA Kelly twins study shows harsh effects of space flight and a brutal return to Earth

【结构剖析】第一段点出文章的主旨： 美国航空航天局对凯利双胞胎的研究内容和结果：太空飞行和直接返回地球（会对人体）产生严重影响

【阅读词汇】

★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。

1.harsh/hɑːrʃ/adj. 刺激的；严重的；令人不快的

英文释义：severe, cruel or unkind

History is a harsh judge: it will not forgive us if we let this moment pass.

历史会做出严酷的评判：如果我们错过这一时机，它是不会原谅我们的。

One harsh word would send her into the depths of despair.

一句严厉的话就会使她陷入极度的绝望之中。

You have to face the harsh reality bravely.

你必须勇敢地面对严峻的现实。

2.brutal/ˈbruːtl/adj. 残忍的；直截了当的

She spoke to me with brutal honesty, \"I don't want to see you again!\"

她对我直言不讳地说：\"我不想再见到你了！\"

a brutal attack/murder/killing野蛮的攻击 / 谋杀 / 杀害

With brutal honesty she told him she did not love him.

她冷酷地直接告诉他，她不爱他。

【派生词】brutality noun [U, C]

【不规则形式】 pl. -ies

police brutality的粗暴

the brutalities of war战争的残酷

【派生词】brutally adv.

He was brutally assaulted.他遭到毒打。

Let me be brutally frank about this.

让我把这件事无情地挑明说吧。

②Astronaut Scott Kelly made himself a guinea pig（天竺鼠） for all the people who dream of human journeys to Mars and other destinations in space. In 2015, Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit, while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated \"twins study,\" designed to see what spaceflight does to the human body.

【结构解析】本段是对实验过程的细节补充。 指出实验的具体内容和原因：对比分别工作在近地轨道上的国际空间站和留在了地球表面的双胞胎。该研究旨在了解太空飞行对人体的影响。

【阅读词汇】

★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。

1.★guinea pig豚鼠；实验对象，供做实验的人

英文释义：a person used in experiments

They're asking for students to be guinea pigs for the new teaching methods.

他们要求学生成为新教学方法的实验对象。

2.orbit/ˈɔːrbɪt/n.（天体围绕行星或恒星运行的）轨道

the earth's orbit around the sun地球绕太阳运行的轨道

3.identical/aɪˈdentɪkl/ adj. 完全相同的；极为相似的

英文释义：exactly

We had no maps, no GPS and no knowledge of the dozens of identical-looking islands around us, but I had to go somewhere.

我们没有地图，没有GPS，也不了解我们周围那一群看起来一样的岛屿，但是我必须去某个地方。

Everybody but cooperates for the identical goal to struggle together mutually, this is not happy?

大家为了同一个目标而互相协作一起奋斗，这不是幸福吗？

4. ride a rocket into space乘火箭进入太空

In 2015, Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit, while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated \"twins study,\" designed to

see what spaceflight does to the human body.

【解析】while用在句中，在…期间；当…的时候 during the time that sth is happening；designed to see what spaceflight does to the human body为过去分词短语后置定语，修饰twins study.

【翻译】2015 年，凯利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地轨道上的国际空间站待了近一年。与此同时，为了进行美国航空航天局著名的\"双胞胎研究\"，他的孪生兄弟，马克·凯利，留在了地球表面。该研究旨在了解太空飞行对人体的影响。

③The full results, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that Scott Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomal changes during his long stay in orbit, including changes in gene expression. His immune system went on high alert, both when he went to space and upon returning to Earth. His body acted as if it were under attack.

【阅读词汇】

★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。

1. chromosomal染色体的

2. gene expression基因表达

3. immune system免疫系统

4. as if好像…一样,仿佛

She talked as if she knew all about our plans.

她说得就好像完全知道我们的计划似的。

It seems as if he knew nothing about her.

看样子他好象一点也不了解她。

5. under attack遭到攻击

If you smoke then the whole respiratory system is constantly under attack.

如果抽烟，整个呼吸系统就会一直受到损害。

The town has been under attack by rebel groups for a week now.

一周来，该镇一直受到叛军的袭击。

The police came under attack from angry crowds

遭到愤怒的人群的袭击。

The full results, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that Scott Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomal changes during his

long stay in orbit, including changes in gene expression.

【解析】为过去分词短语后置定语，published Thursday in the journal Science,修饰特the full results. 句子的主干为the full results showed that ………..为主谓宾结构。

【翻译】周四发布在《科学》期刊上的完整结果显示，斯科特·凯利在（近地）轨道长期逗留期间，经历了许多生理上的和染色体上的变化，其中包括基因表达上的变化。

④One of the most dramatic findings concerned epigenetics — how genes are turned on or off to produce proteins. Gene expression changed in both Kellys during the study but in significantly different ways. The study found that more than 90 percent of Scott Kelly's gene expression changes reverted to normal when he returned to the surface.

【结构解析】本段是对太空实验结果的细节描述。

【阅读词汇】

★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。

1. dramatic突然的; 巨大的;给人印象深刻的; 戏剧的;

We have work out some of the most dramatic and effective sale display material.

我们已经设计出了一些最有效和最引人注目的推销展览材料。

She rented the country villa have a dramatic spiral stairs, a series of strange events in this happen on.

她租住的乡间别墅有座引人注目的螺旋楼梯，一连串诡异事件接连在此发生。

What makes this shot work is the dramatic burst of blue spurting into the crowd.

促成这次拍摄工作的，是那蓝色喷射进入人群时激动人心的爆发。

He had expressed his sense of urgency about the need for dramatic new recommendations.

他表达了有必要提出激动人心的全新建议的迫切心情。

2. findings调查发现; 调研结果; 判决; 裁决; finding的复数

· epigenetics实验胚胎学

3. genes基因; gene的复数

4. proteins蛋白质; protein的复数

5. significantly有重大意义地; 显著地; 明显地; 有某种意义;

But they performed significantly better in all other tests.

但他们在所有其他测试中明显表现的更好。

We significantly influence or control the selection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information.

我们相当影响或者控制选择，组织，保存和信息的传播。

In addition, we can apply certain programming and design techniques to significantly minimize the occurrence of these patterns.

另外，我们可以应用某些编程和设计技巧来显著减少这些类型错误的出现。

Of course, there are no perfect garbage collectors, but garbage collectors have improved significantly over the past ten years.

当然，没有十全十美的垃圾收集器，但是垃圾收集器在过去十年中已经有了很大改进。

He smiled significantly at his students.

他意味深长地对他的学生笑了。

more than比…更;比…更重要; 超出需要;超乎寻常

6.revert恢复，回复; 回到

7.concern vt影响；涉及 affect/involve [VN] [often passive]

Don't interfere in what doesn't concern you.不要管与自己无关的事。

The loss was a tragedy for all concerned (= all those affected by it) .

这损失对有关各方来说都是极大的不幸。

Where our children's education is concerned, no compromise is acceptable.

在事关我们的孩子的教育问题上，那是毫无妥协余地的。

Everyone who was directly concerned in (= had some responsibility for) the incident has now resigned.

所有与该事件有直接牵连的人现在均已辞职。

⑤His telomeres(（染色体）端粒 lengthened in space. But that's no fountain of youth, the study found, because the telomeres shortened dramatically when he returned to Earth.

他的（染色体）端粒在太空中变长了。但是研究发现，这并没有使他重获年轻，因为当他返回地球时，端粒又急剧缩短了。

【结构解析】本段是对太空实验结果的细节描述。

【阅读词汇】

★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。

1.lengthened变长; lengthen的过去分词和过去式

The evening shadows were lengthening.残阳下的影子越拉越长。

V-ERG （使）（时间）延长；（使…）持续更长时间

Vacations have lengthened and the work week has shortened...

假期延长，工作周就缩短了。

2.in space宇宙中；空中

3.study学习; 研究; 功课 ；书房

4.shortened变短，缩短; shorten的过去分词和过去式

5.dramatically戏剧地; 显著地

A fifth year of drought is expected to have dramatic effects on the California economy...

第五年遭受旱灾预计会对加利福尼亚的经济产生巨大的影响。

ADJ-GRADED 激动人心的;引人注目的;令人印象深刻的

He witnessed many dramatic escapes as people jumped from as high as the fourth floor...

他目睹了许多人从五层高的楼上跳下来逃生的惊险场面。

6.Earth地球; 陆地; 土; 泥; 泥土

⑥Months later, he still showed a slightly increasing number of cells with shortened telomeres(染色体端粒), possibly an effect of radiation exposure. \"He might be at some increased risk for cardiovascular disease or some types of cancer,\" said Susan Bailey, a biologist at Colorado State University who led one of the investigations in the study.

【结构解析】本段是对太空实验结果的细节描述以及生物学家对其潜在危害的看法。

【阅读词汇】

★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。

1. shortened变短，缩短; shorten的过去分词和过去式

2. types of类型; 的型态;

3. biologist生物学家

4. investigations调查，侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究; investigation的复数

5.at some increased risk for在某种程度风险上增加了

完成下面的语法填空题目。

话题：基因编辑技术

For the past four billion years or so the only way for life on Earth to produce a sequence of DNA—a gene—was by _______(copy) a sequence it already had to hand. Sometimes the gene would __________(damage) the copying imperfect or undertaken repeatedly.

That is no longer true. Now genes can be written from scratch从零开始 and edited______________(repeat), like text in a word processor. Immune cells can be told to follow doctors' orders; stem cells can be turn into new tissues; fertilized eggs programmed to grow into ___________(creature) quite unlike their parents. The scale of the potential changes seems hard________(imagine). To minimize the risk, it pays to learn the lessons of the past.

The _________(early) biological transformation—domestication驯化—produced _______was the biggest change in how humans lived their lives. This allowed new densities of settlement and new forms of social organization: the market, ______city, the state.

Synthetic合成 biology will have a similar effect, _________(transform) humans' relationships with each other and, potentially, their own biological nature. The

ability to reprogram the embryo is, rightly, the site of most of today's ethical concerns. How humans may choose to change themselves biologically is hard to say; that some choices will be controversial is not. It will challenge the human capacity for wisdom and foresight. It might defeat it. But carefully nurtured, it might also help expand________.

1._______ 2.________ 3.______ 4.__________ 5._________

6.___________ 7.________ 8.__________ 9.________ 10.___________

【词汇辅助】

synthetic biology合成生物学

synthetic 搭配短语：synthetic materials（合成材料）

a sequence of一连串，一系列

a series of accidents 一连串的事故，但事故发生的顺序就不那么重要了。

You use her as a shoulder to cry on. She texts you back with casual jokes. But she, Xiaoice, is only a virtual chatbot（虚拟聊天机器人）.

Xiaoice, Microsoft's latest artificial intelligence robot, was briefly released in 2014, and returned to WeChat in 2015, where she became a big hit. Millions of young Chinese now exchange messages with her daily, The New York Times

reported. On WeChat, Xiaoice is an official account. After following it, users can start text-based conversations with Xiaoice.\"Her incredible learning ability was why people loved to talk with Xiaoice,\" Liu Jinchang, a researcher at High-tech Research and Development Center under the Ministry of Science and Technology, told China Daily. Apart from her ability to identify photos and send emojis（表情符号） in conversations, Xiaoice gains 45 percent of her knowledge from interacting with users, China Daily reported.

Chatbot programs first appeared in the mid-1960s in the US. Driven by top tech companies, they are becoming smarter and more common. For instance, IBM's latest artificial intelligence program served as an academic consultant at Australia's Deakin University, answering students' questions about course schedules and financial aid. Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa have been used as voice assistants who can read news, play music and even make jokes for their users.

These programs are expected to move beyond smartphones, into televisions, cars and living rooms, The New York Times pointed out. However, it may take decades before scientists develop a \"Samantha\fiction film Her. In the film, Samantha has a romantic relationship with her user played by US actor Joaquin Phoenix. Many viewers were enthusiastic about this fantasy of virtual soul mates.

1．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?

A. She became a best seller.

B. She became very powerful.

C. She became a money maker.

D. She became very popular.

2．Which of the following can Xiaoice do?

A. Do housework.

B. Spread messages.

C. Identify various photos.

D. Read news to its users.

3．Which company's chatbot program can act as an academic consultant?

A. Microsoft. B. IBM. C. Apple. D. Amazon.

4．What can be learned from the last paragraph?

A. Chatbots will be applied to cars soon.

B. Chatbots mainly run on smartphones now.

C. Samantha is played by a US actor in the film.

D. The film Her doesn't interest many audience.

NASA Kelly twins study shows harsh effects of space flight and a brutal return to Earth

美国航空航天局凯利双胞胎研究显示，太空飞行和直接返回地球（会对人体）产生严重影响

Astronaut Scott Kelly made himself a guinea pig（天竺鼠） for all the people who dream of human journeys to Mars and other destinations in space. In 2015, Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit, while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated \"twins study,\" designed to see what spaceflight does to the human body.

为了所有那些梦想前往火星或者太空中的其它目的地的人，宇航员斯科特·凯利把自己变成了试验品。2015 年，凯利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地轨道上的国际空间站待了近一年。与此同时，为了进行美国航空航天局著名的\"双胞胎研究\"，他的孪生兄弟，马克·凯利，留在了地球表面。该研究旨在了解太空飞行对人体的影响。

The full results, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that Scott

Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomal changes during his long stay in orbit, including changes in gene expression. His immune system went on high alert, both when he went to space and upon returning to Earth. His body acted as if it were under attack.

周四发布在《科学》期刊上的完整结果显示，斯科特·凯利在（近地）轨道长期逗留期间，经历了许多生理上的和染色体上的变化，其中包括基因表达上的变化。在他去往太空和回到地球后，他的免疫系统都处于高度戒备状态。他的身体好像是在遭受到攻击一样。

One of the most dramatic findings concerned epigenetics — how genes are turned on or off to produce proteins. Gene expression changed in both Kellys during the study but in significantly different ways. The study found that more than 90 percent of Scott Kelly's gene expression changes reverted to normal when he returned to the surface.

最引人注目的结果之一和表观遗传学有关，表观遗传学展示了基因是如何被表达或被阻遏以产生蛋白质的。在研究期间，凯利两兄弟体内的基因表达都发生了变化，但是方式大相径庭。研究显示，当斯科特回到地面时，他体内超过 90%的基因表达变化恢复到了正常状态。

His telomeres(（染色体）端粒 lengthened in space. But that's no fountain of youth, the study found, because the telomeres shortened dramatically when he returned to Earth.

他的（染色体）端粒在太空中变长了。但是研究发现，这并没有使他重获年轻，因为

当他返回地球时，端粒又急剧缩短了。

Months later, he still showed a slightly increasing number of cells with shortened telomeres(染色体端粒), possibly an effect of radiation exposure. \"He might be at some increased risk for cardiovascular disease or some types of cancer,\" said Susan Bailey, a biologist at Colorado State University who led one of the investigations in the study.

几个月后，斯科特·凯利体内的端粒变短的细胞数量依旧稍有增加，这可能是因为（他）暴露在了辐射下。科罗拉多州立大学的生物学家苏珊·贝利领导了该研究中一个项目，她表示：\"他患有心血管疾病或某些癌症的风险可能会有所增加。\"

For the past four billion years or so the only way for life on Earth to produce a sequence of DNA—a gene—was by copying a sequence it already had to hand. Sometimes the gene would be damaged, the copying imperfect or undertaken repeatedly.

在过去大约 40 亿年中，地球上的生物制造出一串 DNA（基因）的唯一方法，就是复制手边已有的序列。有的时候，由于不完全或重复的复制，这些基因可能会被损坏。

That is no longer true. Now genes can be written from scratch从零开始 and edited repeatedly, like text in a word processor. Immune cells can be told to follow doctors' orders; stem cells can be turn into new tissues; fertilized eggs programmed to grow into creatures quite unlike their parents. The scale of the potential changes seems hard to imagine. To minimize the risk, it pays to learn the

lessons of the past.

不过这已不再是真理。现在人们可以从零开始编写基因，并且反复地编辑，就像在文字处理器中的文本一样。人们可以让免疫细胞听从医生的指令；可以使得干细胞再生成新的组织，可以编辑受精卵的基因，孕育出与他们的父母相当不同的生物。不过，这一技术发展引发的潜在变化将达到什么样的规模，似乎很难想象。想要将风险降至最低，我们需要吸取过去的经验教训。

The earliest biological transformation—domestication驯化—produced what was the biggest change in how humans lived their lives. This allowed new densities of settlement and new forms of social organization: the market, the city, the state.

最早的生物转化——驯化，对人类生活方式产生了迄今为止最大的变化。这让更高密度的群居生活和全新的社会结构——市场、城市、国家——变得可能。

Synthetic合成 biology will have a similar effect, transforming humans' relationships with each other and, potentially, their own biological nature. The ability to reprogram the embryo is, rightly, the site of most of today's ethical concerns. How humans may choose to change themselves biologically is hard to say; that some choices will be controversial is not. It will challenge the human capacity for wisdom and foresight. It might defeat it. But carefully nurtured, it might also help expand it.

合成生物学将会有类似的效应，会改变人与人之间的关系，并有可能改变人类自身的生物特性。对胚胎编辑的能力，引发了当今大多数的伦理忧虑，这合乎情理。人类会做出

什么选择来改变自身的生物特性，这一点很难说；但可以确信的是，有些选择定会引起争议。它（合成生物学）将挑战人类智慧和先见。它可能会突破这一边界，但经过精心的扶持，它也有可能拓宽这个边界。