Lesson 1
A puma at large
Focus：
同位语从句和定语从句的区别
英语写作中的尾重原则
英汉思维差异——“有灵主语 VS 非灵主语”
A puma at large
掌握at large的用法（考研 2005 part A:12）:
第一：在逃的，在外～
Lai was at large . / The escaped prisoner is still at large.
第二：详细地, 充分地
The question is discussed at large in my report.
第三：as the whole 整个范围
the class at large laughed.
The populace at large is/are opposed to sudden change.
Pumas are large, cat-like animals
which are found in America.
小专题1：“大”
1) large：具体物体大小，与small相对，无感情色彩。
这外衣我穿太大！
The coat is too large for me.
2) big:可指具体，可指抽象，带感情色彩。
他是一个大块头。
He is a big guy. ( big gun/somebody/big boy/tycoon )
3) great 侧重强调“伟大”
a great leader
Pumas are large, cat-like animals
which are found in America.
有时great+big 表示讨厌、吃惊等感情色彩。
把你的大臭脚挪开！
Move your great big smelly feet !
突然我看见这头大公牛朝我冲了过来！
Suddenly I saw this great big bull charging towards me!
4) size：尺寸大小
你穿多大的鞋？
What size shoes do you wear?
Pumas are large, cat-like animals
which are found in America.
Cat-like 这个词可以超级模仿：
稚嫩的脸庞
baby-like face
温馨的旅馆
home-like inn
貌美的女孩
angel-like girl
life-like
girl-like = sissy / girly
Pumas are large, cat-like animals
which are found in America.
描述句型：
A be adj,___-like B, which C.(钻石级句型)
“龙是一种体型似蛇的动物。在中国神话里有其描述。”
Dragons are mysterious, snake-like animals which are described in Chinese legend.
“大熊猫是一种体型似熊的动物，产于中国四川。”
Giant pandas are large, bear-like animals which are found in Sichuan province.
Pumas are large, cat-like animals
which are found in America.
用于描述、解释的定义句型：
A + be +adj. + B + which从句(钻石级句型)
“联合国是处理国家之间各种事务的一个庞大的、国际性的组织。”
UN is a large, international organization which deals with all kinds of affairs among nations.
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild
puma had been spotted forty-five miles south
of London, they were not taken seriously.
Spot v 突然发现一个鲜明的东西，找出, 辨出, 认出
Enemy spotted CS里面的发现敌人
She spotted her friend in the crowd.
她在人群中认出了朋友.
I can't spot the difference between them.
我看不出两者的区别
identity identify Confirm 确认事实
Discern 辨明对错 Verify 核对事实
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild
puma had been spotted forty-five miles south
of London, they were not taken seriously.
Spot n 点 ， 很鲜明的点
污点：my shirt is spotted.
动物：spotted animals 有斑点的动物
比喻义：名誉上的污点。a spot on one’s reputation
On the spot: Immediate ; At the place of the action
Anyone breaking the rules will be asked to leave on the spot.
Eg: 幸运的是现场有一位医生。
Luckily there was a doctor on the spot.
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild
puma had been spotted forty-five miles south
of London, they were not taken seriously.
Take something seriously
Don’t take somebody lightly. 不要轻率对待某人
Take somebody wrong： 不要误会我。
Don’t take me wrong./ Don’t misunderstand me.
Take somebody for granted 对某人理所当然～
Don’t take it for granted that every time I will come to save your ass!
“数字+ 方位+介词+ 名词 ” HangZhou is 340 km south of
ShangHai.
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild
puma had been spotted forty-five miles south
of London, they were not taken seriously.
小专题2：“同位语从句和尾重原则”
(2008)The idea that some groups of people may be more
intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.
(2001)Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
(2003)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild
puma had been spotted forty-five miles south
of London, they were not taken seriously.
小专题2：“同位语从句和尾重原则”
一般来讲定语从句和同位语从句紧随在被修饰名词后面，但为了保持句子平衡，也可以把谓语动词放到从句之前
定语从句只是对于被修饰词的补充说明、修饰。
同位语从句则是讲述被修饰名词的内容
定语从句的引导词： 指人：主语 who; 宾语 who/whom;
定语 whose;表达事物：that(也可指人)/ which
时间状语：when; 地点状语：where; 原因状语： why
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild
puma had been spotted forty-five miles south
of London, they were not taken seriously.
小专题2：“同位语从句和尾重原则”
同位语从句：名词做主语、宾语时，关系词用that 而不是which;
时间 when; 地点 where
eg: An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.
I have no idea what has happened to him.
定语从句中没有what 这个关系词，但它可以引导同位语从句
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild
puma had been spotted forty-five miles south
of London, they were not taken seriously.
小专题3：“有灵主语 VS 非灵主语”
“我听到这个消息。”
The news came to me.
“我有一个想法。”
I have an idea.
An idea came/flashed into my mind.
“新刑法付诸实施。”
Criminal law came into practice
“在暮色中匆匆的人群中总有我赶路的身影。”
The gathering dark finds me hastening home in the hurrying crowds.
However, as the evidence began to accumulate,
experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have
seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
evidence: n 证据 (不可数)
an important piece of evidence witness / proof
evident ence —— ent / ance —— ent
self-evident
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: \"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.\"
However, as the evidence began to accumulate,
experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have
seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
小专题4：“积累”
accumulate 积累(长时间无目的)
amass:(长时有意识的)积累
assemble:组装
gather: 收集,人群聚集
collect:收藏的积累
pile up 堆积
hoard 囤积
I accumulate a large
vocabulary.
accumulate knowledge;
accumulate fortune;
accumulate experience.
However, as the evidence began to accumulate,
experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have
seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
I’m bound to go. 确定性
I feel obliged to go.
be compelled to do sth. (外因驱使)
be impelled to do sth (内因驱使)
be obliged to sb.＝be grateful to sb.
= be thankful to sb.
experts from the Zoo
动物园的专家
Feel obliged to
小专题5：“必须”
我必须走了。
I have to go.
I must go.
I’m forced to go. 被迫
However, as the evidence began to accumulate,
experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have
seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
Investigate look into; inquiry
FBI
federal bureau of investigation 警匪 --- 联邦调查局
CIA
central intelligent agency 中情局
CD DVD
digital versatile disk GDP GNP?
However, as the evidence began to accumulate,
experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have
seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
a woman picking blackberries / the descriptions given by people
由定语从句演变而成，力求凝练、言简意赅。
对比：for the descriptions which were given by people who
claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
“我找到了那片通向森林的小道,而这片森林是我曾经梦见过的。”
I found a path which led to the forest which I dreamed of.
I found a path leading to the forest which I dreamed of.
However, as the evidence began to accumulate,
experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have
seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
Claimed to do 声称……
Extraordinarily : ordinary : 普通的 平常的。
Extra 额外的， 超出的。
Extremely exceptionally 尤其地 ～
The hunt for the puma began in a small
village where a woman picking blackberries
saw a large cat only five yards away from her.
hunt
hunt the job hunter 猎人
hunt fame and fortune 追名逐利
fame hunter 追名的人
小专题4 ：“定语从句与地点状语从句区别”
Where = in which
I live where I used to live. -- 状从
I live in the place where I used to live. -- 定从
I live in the place in which I used to live.
1 yard= 0.9 m
1 mile英里 = 1.6km
It immediately ran away when she saw it, and
experts confirmed that a puma will not attack
a human being unless it is cornered.
Corner: n角落 ;v使陷入绝境
The street light is at the corner.
The house is on the corner. 房屋，它的面积很大。
The Air conditioner is in the corner.角落里面
KFC is around the corner.
She used to live just around the corner.她以前就住在附近。
Victory is just around the corner. 胜利就在眼前。
What he had done cornered me into despair.
A dog can jump over the wall once it is cornered 狗急也会跳墙。
The search proved difficult, for the puma was
often observed at one place in the morning
and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.
proved : 结果……,
此处作系动词，但与is差别在于：is只表示状态，
而prove告诉我们一个过程；
类似的动词还有：look, turn, feel等。
Prove +（ to be ）+ adj（作表语） : 结果是 到头来～
The exam proved tough.
今天怎么那么冷
Today proved terribly
Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of
dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
wherever= no matter where
Eg: 你不管去哪里 我都想跟着你。
Wherever you go, I will be with you.
Behind it 状语前置。 避免头重脚轻。
He put on the table a book, a box and bottle.
Eg:“把一大袋装有糖和巧克力的包放在桌子上。”
Put a bag full of sweets and chocolates on the desk.
Put on the desk a bag full of sweets and chocolates.
Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of
dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
摹写此句:
伤员所到之处，都留下道道血迹。
Wherever he went, the wound soldier left behind him a trail of blood.
Paw prints were seen in a number of places
and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
A number of = many=increasing/growing number of
具体量化： 越来越多
英文喜欢用被动语态，突出客观事实。
Puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
We found puma fur clinging to bushes.
总结：英文的表达方式重点在于突出客观事实，而中文则善于运用动作的执行者
Several people complained of cat-like noises
at night and a businessman on a fishing trip
saw the puma up a tree.
complain of 抱怨；诉苦；抗议(of可换为about)
我没什么可抱怨的。
I have nothing to complain of.
On+名词 表示动作正在进行
On the match on the watch on the increase on the rise
On holiday on a trip
The experts were now fully convinced that the
animal was a puma, but where had it come from?
Convince 使信服
Convince sb. ; convince sb of sth.;
convince sb that..+一件事情
I convinced him of my being alive.
I convinced him of his innocence.
Convincing speaker 令人信服的演讲者
As no pumas had been reported missing from
any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
Missing ,做主语补足语
练习：据报道，大火被控制住了。
It is reported that the fire was controlled.
The fire was reported controlled.
As no pumas had been reported missing from
any zoo in the country, this one must have been
in the possession of a private collector and somehow
managed to escape.
Must have been 猜测 must be
P62 Line 10 it must be the baker 到时候13课讲
In the possession of…属于谁
in possession of 拥有……
Something be in the possession of somebody.
Somebody be in possession of something.
As no pumas had been reported missing from
any zoo in the country, this one must have been
in the possession of a private collector and somehow
managed to escape.
Somehow = in some way, by some means
某一中方法，通过某种方法
We have to pass the CET-4 somehow.
无论如何，不管用什么方法，都要通过考试。
Manage to do something 设法做成某事
How did you manage to finish all the dishes?
How do you manage to do such a thing?
你是怎么设法做这样的事?
The hunt went on for several weeks, but the
puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
小专题6：描述产生想法的句型
It is worrying to think that…
想到……令人焦虑不安
irritating 恼火至极
comforting 倍感欣慰
exciting 激动异常
disturbing 心神不定
总结：
at large
take sth. seriously
cling to
leave behind
complain of
in the possession of / in possession of
feel obliged to investigate
a woman picking blackberries
a businessman on a fishing trip
go on several weeks
in the quiet countryside
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