英语论文写作中图表描述表达法集粹

I．Introduction (Paraphrase the Words on the Graphic Material)

﹡ Pattern One (Without the Summary of the Trend)

1．This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between Florida，a state of the United States，and the United States as a whole in four aspects，namely，registered engineers，the civilian labor force，manufacturing employment and hi-tech employment，from 1978 to 1987．

2．There were many significant changes in modes of transport used by city dwellers from 1950 to 1990．The following paragraphs will identify and discuss the trends in the accompanying graph．

3．The chart below displays the average earnings per week，in pounds sterling，of people of different levels of education living in the UK between the years 1965 and 1995．

4．The chart indicates the subjects studied by university students in Australia during the latter of last century．

5．The chart shows the number of road accidents in Britain over a period of six years．

6．The line graph reveals the amount of fast food consumed by Australian teenagers over a 25-year period between 1975 and 2000．

7．The bar chart illustrates the percentage of employees in different occupations absent from work in a given week in 2001．

8．Indicators of economic and social conditions in four countries，Canada，Japan，Peru and Zaire，in 1994，compiled by the UN，reflect the great differences that exist between wealthier and poorer nations．

﹡Pattern Two (With the Summary of the Trend)

Sentenceone:definewhatthegraphisaboutIntroduction (date,locationandwhatisbeingdescribedinthegraph)

Sentencetwo:describetheoveralltrend9. The graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Erewhon

between the years 1960 and 1995. It can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking for both men and women is currently declining and that fewer women have smoked throughout the period.

10. The graphs compare the number of deaths caused by six diseases in Erewhom in 1990 with the amount of research funding allocated to each of those diseases. It can be clearly seen that the amount of research funding in many cases did not correlate with the seriousness of the disease in terms of numbers of deaths. 11. The three graphs provide an overview of the types of music people purchase in the UK. At first glance, we see that classical music is far less popular than pop or rock music.

II. Comparison

﹡ The Same

12. In 1985, people with a Master's degree enjoyed the same average earnings as people with a Doctoral degree. ﹡ Little Difference

13. The difference in earnings of people with different levels of education is very small.

14. The situation in Australia and New Zealand was similar in that the imprisonment rates from 1930 to 1980 remained stable. 15. A similar trend was seen in Asia.

16. The difference in earnings between high school leavers and university graduates diminished after 1995.

17. By 1999, coffee consumption in China stood at 992 million cups, almost equal that of America, which stood at 1,090 million cups per year.

18. The trend was virtually mirrored by study of the arts, which increased significantly from 20 % in 1950-59, through 25 % ten years later, finally reaching 38 % by 1990-99.

19. During the first period of each year, the figures averaged out to around 300,000 to 350, 000 accidents.

20. A similar pattern is also recorded for both the finance/banking and defence-related public sectors.

* Large Difference

21. There is a significant difference between all three countries.

22. In the highest executive position (Grade A), women represent only about 8% of the workers This stands in marked contrast to the 92% of men represented in this job category.

23. This is in stark contrast with 1945 when only 30% of girls completed primary school, 35 % had no schooling at all and 35 % only completed the third grade. 24. It can be seen that the amount of leisure time available varies considerably across the age groups and that people of different age levels have very different ways of spending their free time.

25. When children enter the household, however, the inequality becomes even more pronounced.

26. Canada differs from the United States because the figures reached a peak of 120 people in a thousand in 1930.

27. In contrast, almost the opposite occurred with business.

28. In fact, the higher the position, the higher the percentage of men represented in the category. In comparison, women's representation is inversely proportional to the men's so that the higher the category, the lower the percentage of women to be found.

29. Interest also drops off after the age of 35 with an even sharper fall from age 45 onwards, a pattern which is the opposite to the classical music graph. Less than

30. Earning for people with a Bachelor's degree was slightly less than people with a Master's or Doctoral degree.

31. The figures reveal that hamburgers are the most popular fast food, pizza coming a close second.

32. In a word, America has the highest rate of imprisonment, followed by Europe and finally Australia.

33. Although the rate of imprisonment in New Zealand fell, it was outmatched by the United State' s.

34. The increase in earning for the whole period was less for people with a Bachelor's degree (￡60) than for people with a Master's or Doctoral degree (￡70).

* More than

35. There were more males than females (5% and 10% respectively).

36. These figures were overwhelmingly greater than the corresponding figures of $160 in Peru and $130 in Zaire.

37. People working in the computer industry in China exceeded that of Britain in the year 2000.

38. In 1970 and 2000, more people did manual labor in Britain than in China. 39. In 1960, the United State's imprisonment was in the process of being developed. Yet it still outnumbered the other countries.

40. Although the United States experienced a decline in imprisonment rates, it still remained ahead of Canada.

41. We .would expect to see that coffee drinkers in America far outweigh those in China, which, in fact is the case.

42. In both cases, teenagers, and retired people spend around twice as much time as those who are at working age.

﹡ Avoiding Repetition

43. While women showed a steady increase, male smokers dropped sharply after 1980, but began a steady increase again after 1990.

44. People working in the computer industry in China exceeded that of Britain in the year 2000.

45. The number of male smokers in 1960 stood at 21%, compared to 16% of the female population.

Ⅲ. Overall Trend

46. There was an overall increase in earnings across the board. 47. Female smokers saw the opposite trend.

48. The increase in male smokers corresponds with a decline in female smokers. 49. The general trend is that the amount of TV watched increases with age. 50. China experienced a decline in agricultural and manual work, and a significant rise in computer-related work.

51. Far less significant change took place in Britain with the exception of a significant decline in manual jobs.

52. There was a steady increase in computer use in all categories. 53. Most computer usage is for business or pleasure purposes. . The trend continued through 1970.

55. Overall, there was a decline in male smokers.

56. Apart from a decline in the 31 to 45 age group, overall, America saw a steady climb after about 21, from 18% to 40 %.

57. All four continents saw a general population growth. 58. A similar trend was seen in Asia.

IV. Increase

* Big Increase

59. The biggest change occurred in the period 1985 to 1995, when high school graduates enjoyed the greatest increase in earnings.

60. Over the thirty-year period, there was a big increase in earnings amongst people with high school certificates (￡85).

61. China experienced a significant rise in computer-related work.

62. There was a dramatic increase, in 1970, in the number of university graduates.

63. Japan experienced a massive increase in car ownership in the 1930s. . There was a significant difference in the money people spent on CDs in the Northern Territories between August and September, from 25 % to 48 %. 65. The greatest difference occurred between 1940 and 1950 in Brazil.

66. After 1940, there was a significant increase in the number of imprisonments, reaching 90 thousand in 1980, a three-fold increase from 1930.

67. In Great Britain, in 1930, imprisonment figures stood at 30, 000. However, they increased three fold, to 90,000 by 1980.

68. Three years later, in 1996, both countries saw a marked increase.

69. In fact, 1997 saw a huge increase from 329,000 accidents in the first quarter to a massive 7,000 accidents during the second quarter.

70. From this time onwards, energy demand climbed dramatically from two units of energy in 1996 and is projected to reach seven units in the year 2005. 71. It increased substantially at the beginning of the year.

* Small Increase

72. During the same period, people with a Doctoral degree increased their earnings by the least amount.

73. The Northern Territories, during the first part of the year, experienced a slight increase from 10% in January to 15% in March.

74. People holding a Bachelor's degree only managed a modest increase of £ 5 per week, reaching a level of ￡ 145 in 1995.

75. The number of men in the sector rose only marginally from 425,000 to 480,000 in the same period.

* Gradual/Steady Increase

76. There was a gradual increase in earning amongst people with a university degree.

77. While women showed a steady increase, male smokers dropped sharply after 1980, but began a steady increase again after 1990.

78. There was a steady increase in computer use in all categories. 79. India experienced a steady rise between 1940 and 1960.

80. Following a slump in sales during April to June, Queensland saw a steady rise in spending between July and October.

81. In 1990, the number of male smokers diminished significantly to only 13 96, whilst the number of female smokers rose steadily to 22 %.

82. Apart from a decline in the 31 to 45 age group, overall, America saw a steady

climb after about 21, from 18% to 40%.

* Sharp Increase

83. There was a sharp increase in the USA in 1970 from 5 million to 8 million. There was a second significant increase in 1990 to 11 million, followed by a massive leap to 24 million in 2000.

84. Mobile phone use increased in big leaps in Japan, reaching a peak of 32 million in 1990.

85. Mobile phone use doubled to 2 million in 1980, followed by a sudden and massive increase to 17 million in 1990.

86. Earnings in general rose sharply between 1965 and 1995.

87. Japan remained much lower than other countries, fluctuating between 6 % and 14% during the whole period. The exception being after about 55 years of age, when there was a sudden leap to 36 %.

88. By 1968 this increased to 170, and increased again but more steeply to 320 in 1977

. After that, it rose gradually to 5,000, and then continued its upward trend more steeply to 15,000.

90. The number of women grew sharply from 25,000 to over 100,000.

V. Summit

91. Mobile phone use increased in big leaps in Japan, reaching a peak of 32 million in 1990.

92. Due to the introduction of a luxury goods tax, Acme Sports Cars' monthly profit fell dramatically during the second quarter from $ 800,000 to only $10,000, whereas that of Branson Motors continued to rise, peaking at just over $ 60,000 by the end of December.

VI. Decrease

﹡Steady Decrease

93. China experienced a steady decline in agricultural and manual work. 94. The number of male smokers decreased from 21% in 1960 to 17 % in 2000.

95. The consumption of hamburgers and pizza has risen steadily over the 20 year period to 1990 while the consumption of fish and chips has been in decline over that same period with a slight increase in popularity since 1985.

﹡ Sharp Decrease

96. While women showed a steady increase, male smokers dropped sharply after 1980, but began a steady increase again after 1990.

97. A sharp decline occurs in Britain after the age of about 46.

98. Following a slump in sales during April to June, Queensland saw a steady rise in spending between July and October.

99. However, following the sharp decline of male smokers in 1990 to 13 %, the number began to rise again, and reached 17% in 2000.

100. During the years 1950-59, there were an incredible 45 % of students studying science, yet by the next decade this number had reduced dramatically to 30 %.

101. This decline slowed down to 25 % in 1970 - 79, but dropped off sharply during the next ten years to 15%, and finally 4% by 1990 - 99.

102. At this point the number of cases remained stable, then phummeted to zero by 1988.

103. This number decreased gradually to 500 by 1974 and continued to decrease but more steeply to 250 in 1995.

104. It slowly decreased to 100, and then continued its downward trend more steeply to 15.

﹡ Great Decrease

105. There was a huge drop in car ownership in Brazil during the 1940s. 106. There was a significant difference in the number of cars owned in Japan between the years 1940 and 1970.

107. Far less significant change took place in Britain with the exception of a significant decline in manual jobs.

108. The greatest difference occurred between 1940 and 1950 in Brazil. 109. In 1990, the number of male smokers diminished significantly to only 13%,

whilst the number of female smokers rose steadily to 22 %.

﹡ Small Decrease

110. There was a slight drop/fall between 1930 and 1940 in India.

111. Japan remained very low compared to the other countries, with a fall from 14% to 8% after the age of 21. This was followed by a further fall to 6 % after 30. 112. The demand for energy dropped steadily between 1985 and 1990 from 5 units of energy to approximately 2 units.

Ⅶ. Bottom

113. The percentage of male smokers reached the bottom of 13 % in 1990. 114. The number of students studying science bottomed out in 1959.

115. The sale of air conditioner reached rock bottom in December, only a third of that sold in July.

Ⅷ. Steadiness

116. The numbers remained steady throughout the twenty-year period.

117. There was little change in people's spending habits between August and November in New South Wales where it remained steady at around 35 %.

118. In 1985, earnings leveled out amongst people with a Master's degree and with a Doctoral degree.

119. The rate in Canada, on the other hand, increased, whilst Australia experienced no change.

120. The situation in Australia and New Zealand was similar in that the imprisonment rates from 1930 to 1980 remained stable.

121. From 1990 until about 1995, energy demand appeared to level off and remained constant at about two units of energy.

122. Twenty years later, although the number of men remained unchanged, the number of women rose substantially to 350,000.

123. Mobile phone use plateaued at 32 million in the second quarter of the year.

IX. Fluctuation

﹡ Minor Fluctuation

124. There was a minor fluctuation between 1920 and 1940 in India.

125. China remained fairly steady fluctuating between 10% and 22% across all age ranges, with a slight increase to 29 % after the age of 56.

Ⅺ Surprising Find

126. The most surprising find is the difference between Japan and Brazil. 127. A surprising find occurred in Queensland, during March to May, when people's spending increased from 27% in March to 38% in April, only to drop to 12% the following month.

128. Japan remained much lower than other countries, fluctuating between 6% and 14% during the whole period, the exception being after about 55 years of age, when there was a sudden leap to 36 %.

129. Whilst the trend follows a line to be expected, the sudden rise and fall in population growth in North America during the 1800s stands out as being very significant.

130. Clearly, therefore, it is the change in subjects chosen by students that takes the reader by surprise.

131 Whilst the overall trend in the number of accidents follows an expected course, the two anomalies, that is to say during the second quarter of 1997, and the third quarter of 1998, stand out as being significant when compared to the overall findings.

Ⅺ. Percentage

132. The number of male smokers in 1960 stood at 21%, compared to 16% of the female population.

133. However, following the sharp decline of mate smokers in 1990 to 13~,6, the number began to rise again, and reached 17% in 2000.

134. In 1900, however, the population rose sharply by more than 12 %.

135. Approximately 72 % of workers in the lowest executive positions of Grade E are women.

136. Here women represent 45 % and men 55 % of the workers in the category.

137. From the information shown, it can be seen that rent and food account for exactly a third of the total amount spent by students, amounting to £ 100 per week. 138. It is evident that absentee rates are lowest for the best remunerated jobs, with managers and administrators recording only around 3.25 % absence.

139. Canada and Japan both reported rates of 99%, while Peru claimed 68 %. Zaire had a literacy rate of only 34 %.

Ⅻ. Sentence Connectors

* Introduce Contrasting Information

140. There was little change in car ownership in Japan between 1920 and 1930. However, there was a significant difference in the number of cars owned between the years 1930 and 1940.

141. Whilst car ownership in Brazil remained steady between 1920 and 1940, there was a huge drop during the 1940s.

142. India, on the other hand, saw a slight increase from 230 in 1920 to 240 in 1930.

143. While women showed a steady increase, male smokers dropped sharply after 1980, but began a steady increase again after 1990.

144. Whereas women's unpaid hours rise to approximately 56 per week, the corresponding figure for men, 16, actually represents a decrease.

145. Compared to high school leavers, university graduates earned a high salary in 1965.

146. The number of male smokers in 1960 stood at 21%, compared to 16% of the female population.

147. In 1965, people with a Master's or a Doctoral degree only earned slightly more than people with a Bachelor's degree. In contrast, however, university graduates earned far more than school leavers.

148. Britain, on the other hand, saw an opposite trend--whilst it increased from 22 % to 26 % up to age of 21, it decreased sharply to 15 % after the age of 30. 149. By contrast, the divorce rate in the US is much higher (around 5 per 1,000),

although decreasing (by about 0.5 per 1,000) during the period.

* Emphasize the Importance of the Information and Give Information to Show Your Statement Is True

150. There was a significant difference in the number of cars owned between the years 1930 and 1940. In fact, the country experienced a massive increase during the 1930s.

151. The greatest difference, however, occurred between 1940 and 1950 in Brazil. Indeed, whilst car ownership in Brazil remained steady between 1920 and 1940, there was a huge drop during the 1940s.

﹡ Show When a Change Took Place

152. There was a massive drop in car ownership during the 1940s. This was followed by a steady increase from 100 million in 950 to around 130 million in 1980.

﹡ Time

153. From 1990 until about 1995, energy demand appeared to level off and remained constant at about two units of energy. From this time onwards, energy demand climbed dramatically from two units of energy in 1996.

1. As an overall trend, it is clear that the number of cases of the disease increased fairly rabidly until the mid-Seventies, remained constant for around a decade at 500 cases before dropping to zero in the late 1980s.

155. There was a slight drop to 90, which led to a more marked decline to 50. 156. It reached a peak at Christmas, which preceded a drop back to the November level of 500.

﹡ Shift to Another topic

157. As to the other three aspects, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive.

158. As for the photography option, more females than males are enrolled from every country except Germany.

Ⅷ. Conclusion —— Summarize the Main Findings

159. While people's earnings increased according to their level of education, the

differences are far smaller than would be expected. What's more surprising, however, is that the increase in earnings amongst high school leavers was far higher than the earnings for university graduates.

160. As the report indicates, what is surprising is not the increase in female smokers compared to male smokers, but the differences in the changes over the 40-year period.

161. One of the most surprising finds was the amount of TV watched by people in Japan compared with most other countries. In addition, apart from a significant drop after the age of 56 in the UK, generally, the amount of TV people watch increases significantly after the age of 56.

162. Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on mate leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours more leisure time than women.

163. From the diagram it can be safely concluded that in the years 1978 - 1987 Florida developed much more rapidly than the United States as a whole.

1. In conclusion, the men occupy a greater percentage of high executive positions in the ACME Oil Company.

165. In summary, we can see that the area devoted to grain production was affected by both government policy and market forces.