搜索
您的当前位置:首页正文

第14单元动词的ing形式

来源:爱够旅游网
第14单元 动词ing形式

动词ing形式分为两类:动名词和现在分词。动名词在句中起名词作用,现在分词在句中起形容词或副词作用。

一、动名词的概述

动名词是一种动词的非谓语形式,它兼有动词和名词的特征,由动词原形加词尾-ing构成,其构成法与现在分词一样。动名词有时态和语态的变化,详见下表(以do为例): 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 二、动名词的语法功能

动名词在句中起名词作用。因此,它在句中可用作主语、表语、定语、宾语。 1.做主语

Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对身体健康有害。

Is playing basketball after lunch good or bad for your health?吃完午饭就打篮球对身体健康有益还是有害?

Traveling abroad can widen one’s outlook. 出国旅行会扩大人们的视野。 动名词作主语通常表示一种抽象的概念,即泛指某种行为或动作。 BBS留言板

a. 动名词或动名词短语做主语,通常有两种位置:一是放在句首,如上述例句所示;一是用it 作形式主语,而将动名词短语移到谓语部分之后,以避免句子结构头重脚轻。

Having his brother here will make him happier. It will make him happier having his brother here. 让他的弟弟呆在这里将会使他高兴一些。

b. 动名词做主语还可以用 “There is no+动名词”(„是不可能的)的结构。 There is no joking about such matters. 这件事开不得玩笑。 2. 做表语 His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。

My favourite sport is playing table tennis. 我最喜欢的运动是乒乓球。 The only thing she is interested in is dancing. 她惟一感兴趣的就是跳舞。 QQ贴吧 不要把做表语的动名词与进行时态相混淆。动名词做表语表示主语是什么,而进行时态则表示正在进行的动作。试比较: Her job is teaching. 她的工作是教书。(teaching是表语) She is teaching there now. 她正在那儿上课。(is teaching是现在进行时态) 动名词做表语时,主语和表语在含义上可以划等号。His hobby =collecting stamps. 把主语和表语倒过来,句子的基本含义不变。

Collecting stamps is his hobby. 3. 做定语

a working method 工作方法 a dining car 餐车 a swimming poor 游泳池 building materials 建材 4. 做宾语

在某些动词:suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind(在乎),admit, advise, consider, deny, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, miss(错过)等后面通常不用不定式,而必须用动名词做宾语。 I can’t help laughing.我禁不住笑了起来。

Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it. 你一看完这本书就还回图书馆。 记忆魔咒 在表示以下含义时,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语: 建议冒险去献身,忍受期待不停顿; 放弃延期会失去,坚持欣赏实践成; 注意原谅避反对,考虑要求不自禁; 允许习惯不介意,价值开始想动名。 advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to, sustain, stop, abandon, give up, put off, delay, insist on, enjoy, practise, excuse, avoid, object to, admit, mind, can’t help, consider„ He enjoys watching TV plays. 他喜欢看电视剧。

三、动名词的否定式

动名词的否定式通常在其前面加否定词“not”或“never”构成。

I think it will do you a lot of good not going. 我觉得不去对你会有好处。 I’m sorry for not having informed you of the meeting .抱歉没通知你开会。 I regret not having gone together with her.我后悔没有跟她一起去。

四、动名词的常用句型

It’s no use… it’s no good … have difficulty /trouble … there is no …

It’s no use doing experiments but not considering the results. 不考虑结果做实验没有用。

It’s no good not combining theory with practice.不把理论和实践结合就没有用。 I have trouble running a long distance. 我跑长跑有困难。

There is no denying the fact that we are still backward. 不容否认,我们仍然落后。

五、动名词和动词不定式做宾语的不同

部分动词可加动名词做宾语,也可加动词不定式做宾语,但意思不同。 ① remember doing sth, 表示“记得曾经做过的一件事”。 remember to do sth.表示“记得要去做某事”。

I remember seeing him once somewhere.我记得在哪里见过他一次。 Remember to see him before he goes away.记住在他离开之前看他。 ② Regret doing sth. 表示“为曾经做过的事情后悔”。 Regret to do sth.

表示“对还没做或正在做的事情感到后悔”。

I regret telling you the bad news .我后悔把这个坏休息告诉你。 I regret to say I’m unable to help you.很抱歉我不能帮助你。

③ forget doing sth. 表示“忘记曾做过某事”. forget to do sth.表示“忘记去做某事”

I forgot giving the letter to her 我忘了已经把信给她了。] I forgot to post the letter 我忘记发信了。

BBS留言板 有些动词后既可用动名词,也可用不定式做宾语。 ① begin, start, continue, cease, learn等后接动词不定式或动名词做宾语时,无含义上的区别:但如表示有意识的行动时,则多用动名词。 ② care, love, like, hate, prefer等后接动词不定式时,多指特定或具体的行为;后接动名词做宾语时,多指一般的倾向。 ▲在I’d like (或love, prefer)后只能用动词不定式做宾语。 ③ need, require, want(需要)后接动词不定式做宾语时,内含主动的意思;后接动名词做宾语时,内含被动的意思,是主动形式,被动概念。 ④ remember, forget, regret后接动词不定式做宾语时,这些动词的行为先于动词不定式的行为;后接动名词做宾语时,动名词的行为先于这些动词的行为。 ⑤ mean, propose后接动词不定式做宾语时,意思为“打算”;后接动名词做宾语时,mean是“意为”(且主语须是非人称词)propose是“建议”。 ⑥ try 后接动词不定式做宾语时,意思为“试图”,后接动名词做宾语时,意思为“试着干”。 ▲ stop后接动词不定式时,stop是不及物动词,动词不定式是目的状语,意思为“停止(正在干的事)去做…”;后接动名词,stop是及物动词,动名词是宾语,意思为“停止做…”。 ④ try doing sth表示“尝试着做某事”。try to do sth表示“设法做某事”。 Let’s try doing the work some other way.我们用别的方法做这工作试试。 We must try to get everything done in time .我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。 ⑤ mean doing sth.表示“意味着,意思是”。mean to do sth.表示“打算、想要”。

This means helping you.这意味着帮助你。

I mean to help him with it. 我打算帮助他做这件事情。

六、现在分词的概述

现在分词与动名词的结构完全相同,只是在句中所起的作用和充当的成分不一样。它在句中起形容词或副词的作用,做表语、定语、状语或补语。两者在句中所充当的成分见下表。 作用 类别 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 宾语补足语 动名词 √ 现在分词 × √ × √ √ √ √ × √ × √ 七、现在分词的语法功能

1、做表语

做表语的现在分词多由表达内心情感的动词变化而来,常含有“令/使人…”的意思。

The film Titanic is very moving. 电影《泰坦尼克号》很感人。 His story is really amazing. 他的故事实在令人惊异。 The news is exciting. 这消息令人兴奋。 The food smells inviting. 这道菜香味怡人。 2、做定语

China is the biggest developing country.中国是最大的发展中国家。 There was a young man running by the lake .有一个年轻人在湖边跑步。

现在分词做定语,与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。而动名词则不可以。 A sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping酣睡的男孩

A developing country =a country which is developing发展中国家

A young man running by the lake =a young man who was running by the lake 在湖边跑步的小伙子 3、做补语

① 现在分词做宾语补足语,常用在:see, hear , notice, watch, keep, find, feel, get, have等动词之后,与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语;其中宾语和宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。

I saw him walking across the street.我看见他从街道另一边走过来。 He kept me waiting for a long time.他让我等了很长时间。

We watched the army marching down the street towards the park.我们观看部队沿街道朝公园行进。

I heard her playing the piano. 我听见他在弹钢琴。

超级点津 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词之后,既可用现在分词也可用(不带to的)动词不定式做宾语补足语:如用现在分词,通常表示动作正在进行;用动词不定式,则表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。 ② 现在分词的被动语态常可用做主语补足语。 The house being built near the river, is a new school. 河边正在修建的那所房子是一个新学校。 4、做状语

现在分词做状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,用来对谓语动词加以修饰或作为陪衬,它可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随动作,可改写成对应的状语从句。如:

Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up. 学生们看见老师进房间,都站了起来。(两个动作同时发生) =when the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.

Being ill , I went home.由于有病,我回家了。=Because I was ill, I went home. The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic jam in the whole area.

雪下了一个星期,造成整个地方的严重交通混乱。

=The snow lasted a week, so it resulted in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.

Be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时,要小心。 =Be careful when you cross the street.

现在分词做状语在初中阶段还可用做方式状语,即谓语动作发生的方式。 He sat comfortably in the sofa, reading a newspaper. 他舒舒服服地坐在沙发上,看着一张报纸。

The students walked out of the classroom, laughing and talking. 学生们有说有笑地走出教室。

八、现在分词的否定式

现在分词的否定式通常是在其前面加上否定词not或never构成。 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 因为没有收到回信,他决定再写封信去 The pupil sat there, not knowing what to do. 那个学生坐在那儿,不知道该做什么。

Not knowing how to pronounce the word, he stopped to look it up in a dictionary. 因为不知道那个单词的读法,所以他停下来去查字典。

九、现在分词的时态及语态

1.现在分词的时态

现在分词的时态分为一般式和完成式。一般式(v+ing)表示与谓语动词动作同时发生的动作。完成式(having+过去分词)表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作。

Being a student, he was interested in books.作为一名学生,他对课本感兴趣。 Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well. 在大学里学习了三年,他现在非常熟悉这里的道路。 2、现在分词的语态

现在分词有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词就用被动语态(being done )

现在分词的被动语态也有一般式和完成式两种。如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作发生,就用分词完成式的被动语态(having been done ).

The large house being built near the factory is a new hospital. 工厂附近的正在施工的大楼是一座新的医院。

Having been sent to the wrong address, the letter did not reach her. 因为那封信投错了地址,所以她没有收到。

十、动名词和现在分词的区别

在英语动词的非谓语形式中,现在分词与动名词形式完全相同,都是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成的。但是它们之间有根本的区别,它们除了都具有动词的特征以外,现在分词还具有形容词和副词特征,而动名词则具有名词特征。这种特征的区别却表现为句法功能的不同。前面已经介绍过,现在分词在句中可充当状语、补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语)、表语、定语;动名词在句中可充当主语、宾语、同位语、表语、定语。因此,现在分词与动名词的区别方法

如下:

① 如果-ing形式在句中充当状语和补语,那么它一定是现在分词。 Hearing the news, he got very excited.他得知这消息后非常兴奋。 (bearing 做时间状语,是现在分词)

② 如果-ing 形式在句中充当主语、宾语、或同谓语,那么它一定是动名词。 Studying English is our task. 学习英语是我们的任务。 (studying做主语,是动名词)

He likes playing football.他喜欢踢足球(playing 做宾语,是动名词) His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fulfilled.

他征服全世界的野心从来没有实现(conquering做同谓语,是动名词)

③ 如果-ing形式在句中充当表语,它可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词。区分方法;如果-ing形式相当于一个名词,可以与主语交换位置,那么它就是动名词;如果-ing 形式相当于一个形容词,表示主语的性质或特征,不可以与主语交换位置,那么它就是现在分词。

His work is repairing bikes.他的工作是修自行车。

(该句可改为:Repairing bikes is his work. repairing为动名词) My hobby is collecting stamps.我的爱好是集邮

(该句可改为:Collecting stamps is my hobby. collecting为动名词) The novel is interesting这本小说很有趣。

(表语与主语不能交换位置,interesting为现在分词) The football match is exciting. 足球赛非常振奋人心。 (表语与主语不能交换位置,exciting为现在分词)

④ 如果-ing 形式在句中充当定语,它可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词。区分方法: 如果被修饰的名词与-ing形式之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,那么-ing形式就是现在分词。

working people劳动人民(现在分词) working conditions工作条件(动名词) a swimming pool游泳池(动名词)

a swimming boy 游泳的男孩(现在分词) a sleeping car卧车(动名词)

a sleeping child熟睡的孩子(现在分词)

十一、动词不定式和现在分词的区别

由于现在分词在句子中只能起着形容词或副词的作用,所以在这里只对它们做状语和定语进行区分。 1、做状语

不定式做状语一般表示目的或结果,即谓语动作之所以发生就是为了做后面的事,或谓语动作发生后的结果。

He stood up to see better. 他站起来以便看得更清楚。(目的状语) We must work hard to get a better result. 我们必须努力工作以取得更好的结果。(目的状语)

The young girl went into the valley to find herself in a strange place. 那位年轻的女子进入山谷(结果)发现自己来到一个陌生的地方。

一般来说,在不定式前面能加入in order(为了)的,就是目的状语,如前

两个例句。第三个例句显然不能加入in order,因为进山谷并不是为了发现来到了一个陌生的地方。所以是结果状语。另外,不定式做目的状语可以置于句首,做结果状语的不定式则不能这样。

To get to Beijing in the shortest time, he decided to go by air. 为了在最短的时间内赶到北京,他决定乘飞机。

现在分词做状语表示除前面提到过的方式或伴随情况外,还可做时间和原因状语(现在分词做条件状语多为独立主格结构,这里不做分析),表示方式或伴随情况的现在分词一般放在谓语动词之后,其特点是与谓语动词的动作同时进行,做时间或原因状语时一般放在句首。

Being ill, he had to stay at home.由于生病了,他不得不呆在家里。 (现在分词短语做原因状语,相当于Because he was ill) Hearing the sad news, she couldn’t help crying. 听到那不幸的休息,她禁不住哭起来。(现在分词短语做时间状语。相当于when she heard the sad news) 2.做定语

不定式做定语位于被修饰的名词之后,并常与被其修饰的名词构成动宾关系。

a book to read 一本要读的书。

a baby to look after 一个要照顾的小孩

现在分词做定语的基本原则是,单个现在分词一般位于名词之前,现在分词短语位于名词之后。与被修饰的词在逻辑上是主谓关系,并可以扩展成一个定语从句。

He held his shaking hands. 他伸出那颤抖的双手。(The hands that were shaking.) The man working over there is his father. 在那边工作的那个人是他的父亲。 (The man who is working over there.)

十二、一些与动词ing形式有关的短语

① 表示有目的,有意识的进行练习或训练某项技能:do+(some)+v-ing. do some reading读读书 do some running 跑跑步 do some writing练练字

This year I am going to do more speaking. 今年我要多练口语。 ② 表示做一些笼统、不具体指明的事:do+(some)+v-ing.

do some shopping 去商店买东西(不指明买哪样具体的东西) do some washing 洗东西 do some cooking 做饭 do some cleaning 扫除 do some sewing 缝纫 ③ go+v-ing的形式大部分表示从事某种运动、消遣或娱乐活动

必备知识卡

go dancing 去跳舞 go swimming 去游泳 go skating 去滑冰 go skiing 去滑雪

go shooting去射击 go boating 去划船 go fishing 去钓鱼 go hunting去打猎 go riding 去骑马 go walking 去散步 go running 去跑步 go sailing 去航海 考题精练

选择符合句意的最佳答案。

1.— How can I improve my spoken English?

—You have to practise as much as you can.

A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak 2. —Do you feel like or shall we go by bus?

—I prefer to walk, but we have a taxi, for time is short. A. walking, to take B. to walk, take C. walking, taken D. to walk, took

3. When they went into the park, they saw someone Chinese Kongfu.

A. plays B. played C. to play D. playing 4. When I look into the room, I found Philip himself in bed.

A. lies B. lie C. lay D. lying

5. The little girl saw the gorilla in the park with a toy bear.

A. to play B. playing C. is playing D. plays 6. —Is Jim at home by himself?

—No. There’s another boy with him.

A. playing B. play C. plays D. to play 7. At weekends I prefer at home to out.

A. stay, going B. staying, go C. staying, going D. to stay, go 8. The boy in the teachers’ was found yesterday. A. standing, smoke B. standing, smoking C. stood, smoke D. stood, smoking

9. The suspect denied (steal) the valuable painting before the witness appeared.

10. The housewife is good at (make) dumplings.

因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容

Top