考研英语(一)模拟试卷65(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（一）模拟试卷65 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

If you’re looking for a creative solution to some problem at work, don’t retreat into a chamber of solitude to ponder your dilemma in silence.【C1】______, head to the nearest cafe—hopefully, one【C2】______people are chatting and the waiters are busily moving about making cappuccinos and【C3】______making some noise. A clever and creative new study suggests that moderate background noise is a better【C4】______to innovative thinking than the sound of silence. It’s been a bit【C5】______why people sometimes get their most creative work done while sitting in a crowded, bustling cafe. It【C6】______that the effect is not【C7】______the result of the sudden infusion of caffeine. Ravi Mehta, a business administration professor at the University of Illinois, and two colleagues【C8】______explore the effect of moderate surrounding noise on creative problem solving. In a series of experiments, the researchers found that a certain level of noise【C9】______made it easier for experimental subjects to【C10】______clever new ideas. Isn’t all that noise a bit【C11】______? Actually, yes—and that’s the【C12】______, as Mehta and his colleagues explain in a new paper published in the Journal of Consumer Research.【C13】______a relatively quiet environment may make it easier to【C14】______a book, a noisy environment can【C15】______a certain degree of “disfluency” or “processing difficulty,” which can disrupt your【C16】______way of thinking in such a way that it actually【C17】______the sort of abstract thinking that can encourage real creativity. But it’s not as simple as noise【C18】______creativity. Too much noise really can make it hard to hear yourself think. The solution is to find a happy【C19】______- a place that is pleasantly noisy【C20】______jarringly loud.

1． 【C1】 A．Indeed

B．Nevertheless C．Instead

D．Furthermore

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查句间逻辑。

2． 【C2】 A．which B．when

C．that D．where

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查从句引导词。

3． 【C3】 A．generally B．irritatingly C．presently D．intentionally

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查句内语义。

4． 【C4】 A．challenge B．spur C．witness D．supplement

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查上下文语义。上文指出“要想出创造性的解决问题的方法，就去一家有一些噪音的咖啡馆”；本句据此引出新研究的新观点：适度的背景噪音是对创造性思维的更好的……。

5． 【C5】 A．puzzling B．controversial C．misleading D．paradoxical

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查上下文语义+形容词辨析。

6． 【C6】 A．refers to B．puts forward C．brings up D．turns out

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查动词短语+上下文语义。空格处填入一个动词短语，解释上文提出的疑问：这……不是咖啡因突然注入的结果。

7． 【C7】 A．partially B．temporarily C．entirely D．initially

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查上下文语义。空格处填入一个副词，说明这一效果并非……是咖啡因突然注入的结果。下文紧接着说明这是适度的背景噪音的效果。entirely代入，表示“不完全是”，为下文引出“背景噪音”做好铺垫，为正确项。注意temporarily与initially代入，表示“暂时不是”“起初不是”，暗示着“长久或以后可能是”，与文意相反。

8． 【C8】 A．set out to B．stand up to C．get down to D．lead up to

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查动词短语+句内语义。空格处填入的动间短语接不定式(to)explore the effect of．．．，符合这一用法的只有set out to do sth；它代入文中，说明“研究人员着手探究适度背景噪音对创造性问题解决的效应”，也符合文意，为正确项。

9． 【C9】 A．predictably B．actually C．similarly D．conversely

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查句内逻辑语义。本句介绍实验结果：一定程度的噪音……使受试者更容易有新点子。

10． 【C10】 A．take up with B．come up with C．keep up with D．catch up with

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查动词短语+句内语义。空格处填入的动词短语接clever new

ideas做宾语，说明“一定程度的噪音使受试者更容易……精明的新主意”。只有come up with代入，表示“想到新主意”，符合文意，为正确项。

11． 【C11】 A．annoying B．distracting C．encouraging D．enlightening

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查上下文语义。本题可在完成本段题目、弄清段落大意的基础上作出判断。上文介绍实验结果，本段进一步解释其背后的原因。段首先提问：这些噪音难道不……?紧接着作答：是的；并引用论文内容给出解释：相对安静的环境有助于阅读，而有噪音的环境则打扰人的思维，带来“不流畅”，从而引起激励创造性的抽象思维。

12． 【C12】 A．case B．point C．deal D．question

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查上下文语义。本句是对句首反问句的作答及解说。句首的actually用来强调一个事实、观点等“确实如此”，空格处填入的名词表明“这正足其……”。下文给出解释。根据文意及上题分析，噪音的使人分心的特性正是关键点所在，而这也正是研究者在论文里要解释的核心问题，point符合文意。

13． 【C13】 A．Given B．Provided C．While D．Unless

正确答案：C 解析：本题考查句内逻辑。空格处填入的连词引起的分句说明在安静的环境下更适合做的事情，后一个分句说明在有噪音的环境下的情形；两个分句间存在对照的逻辑关系，while符合文意。注意given是介词，需要使用given that引导从句。

14． 【C14】 A．see through B．break through C．sit through

D．plow through

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查动词短语+句内语义。空格所在的分句旨在说明：相对安静的环境使……一本书更容易。plow through代入，表示“翻阅一本书”，符合文意。其他项代入都无法说通。

15． 【C15】 A．reduce B．display C．induce D．conceal

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查句内语义。空格所在分句说明有噪音的环境的功用；能……一定程度的“不流畅”或“处理困难”，从而干扰人的思维方式，使人们产生促进创造性的抽象思维。induce代入，表示“引起不流畅”，说明了噪音的作用，符合文意。reduce与conceal与文意相反；而“环境”小能“展现出”思维上的不流畅，排除display。

16． 【C16】 A．critical B．practical C．focused D．normal

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查句内语义。空格处填入的形容词修饰way of thinking，这种思维方式是会被噪音扰乱的，并且与the sort of ab—stract thinking相对。符合文意的是norreal，它代入文中，说明噪音扰乱的是常规的思维，而促进的恰好是创造性的思维。其他项代入，“批判性、实用性、专注的思维方式”文中均未涉及，应排除。

17． 【C17】 A．interrupts B．enhances C．prevents D．restores

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查句内语义。空格所在部分为that引导的定语从句，先行词为a way；in such a way that…引出“噪音环境引起的不流畅会扰乱人的常规思维”的结果：……激励创造性的抽象思维。enhance代入，表示“会加强这种抽象思维”，与“扰乱(disrupt)常规思维”相对，符合文意。

18． 【C18】 A．reflects B．replaces C．proves D．equals

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查上下文语义。上文解释了噪音会促进创造性思维的原理。本句以but转折，指出“但这并非如噪音……创造力这样简单”；下文紧接着说明太多的噪音也并不可取。因此，空格处填入的动词是说明噪音并不等同于创造力，即，噪音并不能绝对促进创造力，equal符合文意。其他项代入，“噪音反映、取代、证明创造力”均无从得知，应排除。

19． 【C19】 A．medium B．ending C．heart D．hour

正确答案：A 解析：本题考查固定搭配+句内语义。上文指出太多的噪音会使人难以思考；本句给出解决办法：找到一个……。既然噪音不能太多，要适度(moderate，a certainly level of，pleasantly noisy)，那么只有medium代入，指“中间地带”，符合文意。

20． 【C20】 A．other than B．or rather C．rather than D．but rather

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查句内逻辑。破折号后的部分是对a happy medium的具体解说：有愉悦的喧闹……刺耳的吵闹的地方。显然“刺耳的吵闹”是作者认为应避免的，rather than代入，表明在“愉悦的喧闹”和“刺耳的吵闹”之间的取舍，符合文意。注意but rather要与否定结构连用，not…but rather表示“不是……而是”。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

A piece by Cambridge philosopher Simon Blackburn in the current issue of the Society of Authors journal addresses the difficult question of whether philosophy ought to be accessible to the general reader. “The great philosophical writers of the past wrote for humanity,” Blackburn begins, enumerating Plato, Aristotle etc. The rot set in, according to him, during the 20th century, with the academicising of the discipline. It seems a reckless bet at best to portray Plato as “writing for humanity”, when the philosophers in his ideal state are to be kings—that is, not just good at what they do, but rulers over the rest in a hierarchically ordered, rigidly unified polity. But is “writing for humanity” such an obviously helpful ideal? Most people don’t expect to be able to understand other kinds of specialist discourse. The lay person would understand little or nothing of micro-electronic engineering, has no interest in doing so, and is content to leave it to the initiated. But philosophy is about the world we live in, and our lives in it, Blackburn objects, waving the flag for the enriching humanities against the sterilities of technology. Therefore everybody should be able to understand it. On this view, what differentiates philosophy from science is the fact that it poses questions about the world we live in and our perceptions of it, and even makes suggestions as to what we ought to do in our lives. Neither of those approaches is absent from theoretical science, though. What would be the point of researches into the causes of obesity or the effects of climate change if they didn’t tell us, or at least strive to tell us, what we ought to do about such matters? The point is that philosophy is as much a technical discipline as these other sciences are, and as little capable of being diluted down to words of one syllable. One of the reasons for this is that philosophy isn’t necessarily just a set of conclusions. To many of the most recent western thinkers, it is first and foremost a methodology, rather than an attempt to arrive at a fixed theory. The Frankfurt School philosopher Theodor Adorno declared, “The crux is what happens in it, not a thesis or a position. . . Essentially, therefore, philosophy is not expoundable. If it were, it would be superfluous; the fact that most of it can be expounded speaks against it. “ In a final somersault, Blackburn states that making philosophy accessible should not be a question of simplifying it but of bringing people up to its level. So the problem turns out to lie after all not with the attempt to interpret the world, but with the faculties of those who want to hear it interpreted.

21． By citing the journal Society of Authors , the author intends to . A．analyze the adverse effect of academicising on philosophy B．describe the degeneration of philosophical writing

C．discuss the approachability of philosophy to the ordinary D．exemplify the writing principle of great philosophers

正确答案：C

解析：第一段首句指出《作家协会》新近刊登一篇主题为“哲学是否需要为普通人所及”的文章，随后两句指出该文作者布莱克本观点：伟大哲学家为人类而作，而20世纪哲学的学术化使得情况开始变得糟糕。下文作者则围绕布莱克

本“哲学为人类而作”这一观点展开论述，可见，作者通过引用《作家协会》一刊，旨在探讨哲学对大众的可及性问题，[C]选项最符合文意。

22． The second paragraph suggests that Plato wrote for______. A．the general reader B．an elite audience C．the rulers of his times D．his ideal philosophers

正确答案：B 解析：第二段是在反驳第一段所述布莱克本观点“伟大哲学家为人类而作”。

23． Simon Blackburn holds that philosophy exceeds other sciences in______. A．interestingness B．technicality C．accessibility D．usefulness

正确答案：C

解析：第三段第四句明确指出，布莱克本认为哲学不像科技那样单凋乏味，它所闸释的内容跟人类生活息息相关，能够丰富人性价值，所以人们应该能够理解它。

24． Theodor Adorno’s attitude towards the idea of “writing for humanity” is one of______.

A．strong disapproval B．reserved consent C．slight contempt D．enthusiastic support

正确答案：A

解析：第四段第四句至末尾直接引川哲学家西奥多.阿多诺原话指出，哲学无法解释，如果能被解释，则为多余，真正能被解释者实为误解。由此可推知，西奥多.阿多诺强烈反对“哲学为人类而作”这一观点。[A]选项正确。

25． The last paragraph implies that Blackburn’s final suggestion is______. A．indirect B．infeasible C．insightful D．illogical

正确答案：D 解析：本题看似在考查最后一段，实际侧面考查通篇作者对布莱克本观点的站位，需要捋顺通篇作者思路才能正确解答。

Wild elephants roam across the crowded plains of India; forested river banks wind through cattle ranches in Brazil; a ribbon of green stretches across Europe where the Iron Curtain used to be. Using such wildlife corridors to link up larger but isolated protected areas are the most widely adopted strategy for halting biodiversity decline, with millions of dollars spent creating and protecting them every year. But has enthusiasm for a neat idea got ahead of the science? The principle is simple. As wildlife habitat is broken into isolated fragments by farms, roads, and settlements, we need to link them up with corridors of green. Then even if the entire habitat cannot be re-created, old migration patterns can be revived, escape routes created ahead of climate change and—perhaps most crucially—isolated populations can interbreed, enhancing their genetic diversity and their resilience to encroaching threats. Recently, Paul Beier, a veteran conservation biologist from Northern Arizona University, and his colleague Andrew Gregory, warned that “despite much research, there is little evidence that conservation corridors work as intended. “ There is, they say, plenty of evidence that wild animals will move through corridors. But advocates of the corridors want, and claim, much more than this. They say that animals don’t just go for a walk in their conservation woods, but that they move permanently and interbreed with neighboring populations. In this way corridors supposedly unite isolated, threatened populations into an interbreeding and much more resilient—whole. Such claims sometimes hold up. In the United Kingdom, the expansion of Kielder Forest in the 1960s provided a link between isolated populations of threatened red squirrel. Genes from isolated populations have now “leapfrogged through hundreds of forest fragments” across 100 kilometers and more. But the Kielder Forest is much wider than a conventional corridor. Few studies have looked for gene flow in genuine corridors; even fewer have found it. One study investigated the genetic diversity of small marsupials in a narrow forest corridor traversing 4. 5 kilometers of grasslands in Queensland, Australia. It found that genetically distinct populations had persisted at either end. Mixing was a myth. Other studies have shown that conservation corridors work. But most have looked at short corridors of 100 meters through largely natural landscape. “That species can travel a-long short corridors in a natural setting does not mean that they will be successful dispersing along much longer corridors embedded in a heavily impacted landscape,” says Gregory. “Still less that such movements occur frequently enough to allow enough gene flow to occur so that the connected habitat blocks function as one population. “ Perhaps we should not make the perfect the enemy of the good. Surely any corridor is better than none? But consider this. The edges of wild areas are known danger zones for wildlife, where predators and diseases may invade. Linking two existing protected areas with a long narrow corridor may expose it to greater danger along these edges. Unless the benefit exceeds the threat, then there is serious potential to do harm.

26． The last sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that people might______. A．be overenthusiastic about biodiversity

B．be too idealistic about conservation corridors C．have given too much protection to wildlife D．be adopting wrong ways to protect wildlife

正确答案：B 解析：本段首先描述了世界各地野生动物走廊的景象，然后指出这是目前普遍采用的维护生物多样性策略，且每年人们为此耗费巨资。末句笔锋一转提出疑问：人们追求“美妙主意”的热情是否超越了科学发展?下文则在介绍动物走廊的原理后，对其作用进行了详细分析。由此可推知，作者在第一段末句表达的是其对“人们热衷于野生动物走廊”这一做法的质疑。[B]选项正确。

27． Wildlife corridors probably start with the idea that ecosystems may be threatened by______.

A．their isolation B．human behaviors C．climate change D．aggressive animals

正确答案：A

解析：解答此题需要深入理解动物走廊的原理。第二段详细介绍了该原理：野生动物栖息地被道路、农场、人类聚居区等所分隔，变成一片片隔离的地带。所以我们需要修建动物走廊，把这些栖息地连接起来；这样可以部分恢复原栖息地的功能，使动物原有的迁徙模式得以复原，更重要的是，使孤立的乍物群之间能够杂交，从而提高其生物多样性及抵御风险的能力。由此可推知，野生动物走廊是为了解决“隔离”对野生动物所造成的威胁，[A]选项正确。

28． Kielder Forest is mentioned in paragraph 4 as an example of______. A．primitive corridors B．unsuccessful corridors C．conventional corridors D．non-typical corridors

正确答案：D

解析：例子上文(第三段)介绍了野生动物走廊倡导者的观点：走廊可以使隔离的邻近动物群之间相互杂交、融为一体。

29． According to paragraph 4 and 5, corridors supposed to be effective are______.

A．wide and set in natural landscape B．narrow and set in impacted landscape C．long and set in natural landscape D．short and set in impacted landscape

正确答案：A

解析：比较题需要综合考虑四个选项中所涉及的各个因素。

30． To which of the following would Beier and Gregory most likely agree? A．We should dismiss wildlife corridors for its threat to wildlife.

B．We should gather information to work out how corridors can work. C．We can minimize the impact of development by creating corridors.

D．We can make the benefit outweigh the threat by designing corridors properly.

正确答案：B 解析：第二段首先指出了贝耶尔等人的观点：几乎没有证据能够证明动物保护走廊起到了预期作用。随后指出了动物走廊倡导者的预期：通过动物走廊各动物群可以融为一体，形成一个适应性大大增强的杂交动物群。第四、五段作者借用实例和研究结果具体分析走廊的作用：尽管有野生动物走廊确实起到了作用，但大多数传统动物走廊却并没有很大效用；穿过自然区域的短走廊可能会有一作用，但镶嵌在深受人类影响环境中的长走廊没有起到明显作用。可见，作者和贝耶尔等人观点一致，认为野生动物走廊起作用的证据不足。因此他们会赞同在这方面搜集更多信息，[B]选项正确。

Forty years ago Walter Mischel, an American psychologist, conducted a famous experiment. He left a series of four-year-olds alone in a room with a marshmallow on the table. He told them that they could eat the marshmallow at once, or wait until he came back and get two marshmallows. Researchers was astonished that the way that the four-year-olds’ ability to defer gratification was reflected over time in their lives. Those who waited longest scored higher in academic tests at school, were much less likely to drop out of university and earned sub stantially higher incomes than those who gobbled up the sweet straight away. Those who could not wait at all were far more likely, in later life, to have problems with drugs or alcohol. In his fascinating study of the unconscious mind and its impact on our lives, David Brooks, a columnist on the New York Times, uses this story to illustrate how the conscious mind learns to subdue the unconscious. This is not a question of iron will, but about developing habits and strategies that trigger helpful processes in the unconscious, rather than unproductive ones. What matters is to learn to perceive property, people or situations in ways that reduce the temptation to lie, to steal or behave in a self-destructive way. The author’s aim is to show how recent research has illuminated the complex processes of the brain. “We have inherited an obsolete, shallow model of human nature,” he argues. Stud y after study show that people take decisions in ways that involve a complex interaction between the conscious and the unconscious mind. The most important decisions begin in the realm of the unconscious, although they are often influenced by the conscious. The shaping of this delicate balance begins early in life: the children who were best at leaving their marshmallow on the plate tended to come from stable, organised homes. Culture and the community in which a child is raised help to build the way the conscious and unconscious intertwine. Mr Brooks recounts a survey of diplomats who failed to pay parking fines in New York. By far the worst non-payers came from countries where

corruption is endemic. “Thousands of miles away from home,” Mr Brooks writes, “diplomats still carried their domestic cultural norms inside their heads. “ What does all this mean for public policy? Mr Brooks complains that policies too frequently rely on an overly simplistic, rationalist view of human nature. That may be true, but all too many daft policies rely on the collective reluctance of the voters to leave marshmallows uneaten on the table. More to the point, how can a country curb crime, create true equality and reduce the social and economic costs of bad decisions? Education systems exist mainly to build the rational mind, and yet the decisions that are most important in making people happy are the ones in which reason plays little or no part: the development of friendships and the choice of a spouse. Public policy has largely ignored this.

31． Mischel’s experiment is cited to show .

A．the difference in children’s ability to defer gratification B．the strategies used by children to defer gratification

C．the influence of one’s ability to resist temptation over their life D．the impact of will power on school and work performance

正确答案：C 解析：第一段介绍了米歇尔的实验及其发现：孩子们延迟满足感的能力反映在了他们整个人生之中，随后具体阐述了这种能力对学业和工作的影响。第二段进而指出这与“意识”对“潜意识”的控制有关，并指出我们要学会控制不良诱惑对自己的吸引。可见，作者引用米歇尔实验是为了说明抵御诱惑的能力对人的一生至关重要，[C]选项正确。

32． To which of the following would Brooks most probably agree? A．It requires strong will to control the unconscious mind. B．The formation of habits can alter our mental processes. C．The conscious mind enables us to perceive things properly. D．The unconscious mind typically gives rise to misbehaviour.

正确答案：B

解析：第二段指出，意识学会控制潜意识的关键在于培养习惯和策略，使它们在潜意识中触发有益进程，而非不良过程。可见培养习惯有可能改变人的心理进程，[B]选项正确。

33． We can know from paragraph 3 and 4 that______.

A．the conscious mind plays a major role in making big decisions

B．the complex process of the brain is an inherited advantage of human C．community influence is more obvious on adults’ behaviour than on kids’ D．kids from organized homes are more capable of exerting control over the unconscious

正确答案：D

解析：第四段指出，意识和潜意识间的平衡在童年开始形成，成长环境塑造了意识、潜意识相互作用的方式，那些把棉花糖留下没吃的孩子通常来自有条理的家庭。而从上文(第三段)可知，更能抵制诱惑的孩子其意识对潜意识的控制能力更强。综合这两处信息可推知，来自有条理家庭的孩子更能用意识来控制潜意识，[D]选项正确。

34． The story of the diplomats is mentioned to show that people’s thinking modes______.

A．are susceptible to different moral norms B．are shaped by their growth environment C．are culturally adaptive D．are culturally different

正确答案：B

解析：由题干关键词“外交官”定位到第四段。本段指出，人的成长环境塑造了意识和潜意识之间的互动模式，随后介绍了布鲁克斯的一项调查。调查发现，纽约市不交停车罚单的外交官往往来自腐败盛行的国家，布鲁克斯认为这是因为他们受到其本国文化的影响。可见，引用外交官的故事是为了例证人们成长时期的文化环境对其思维的影响。[B]选项正确。

35． The author might suggest public policies to pay more attention to people’s______.

A．instinctive thoughts B．conscious mind

C．interpersonal awareness D．understanding of happiness

正确答案：A

解析：由题干关键词定位到第五段。本段指出，现有公共政策过于依赖对人性的理性主义看法，然而人们做出对自己的快乐最为重要的决定(如交友、择偶)时，理性很少发挥作用(即，本能发挥更大的作用)，公共政策却忽略了这一点。可见作者认为公共政策应更关注人们本能、潜意识的一面。[A]选项正确。

It is a truth universally acknowledged that education is the key to economic success. Everyone knows that the jobs of the future will require ever higher levels of skill. That’s why, President Obama declared that “If we want more good news on the jobs front then we’ve got to make more investments in education. “ But what everyone knows is wrong. The fact is that since 1990 or so the U. S. job market has been characterized not by a general rise in the demand for skill, but by “hollowing out”: both high-wage and low-wage employment have grown rapidly, but medium-wage jobs — the kinds of jobs we count on to support a strong middle class — have lagged behind. And the hole in the middle has been getting wider; many of the high-wage occupations that grew rapidly in the 1990s have seen much slower

growth recently, even as growth in low-wage employment has accelerated. Why is this happening? The belief that education is becoming ever more important rests on the plausible-sounding notion that advances in technology increase job opportunities for those who work with information. However, some economists argued that this was the wrong way to think about it. Computers, they pointed out, excel at routine tasks, “cognitive and manual tasks that can be accomplished by following explicit rules. “ And here’s the thing: Most of the manual labor still being done in our economy seems to be of the kind that’s hard to automate. Meanwhile, quite a lot of white-collar work currently carried out by well-educated, relatively well-paid workers may soon be computerized. And then there’s globalization. Once, only manufacturing workers needed to worry about competition from overseas, but research by Alan Blinder and Alan Krueger suggests that high-wage jobs performed by highly educated workers are, if anything, more “offshorable” than jobs done by low-paid, less-educated workers. If they’re right, growing international trade in services will further hollow out the U, S. job market. So what does all this say about policy? Yes, we need to fix American education. In particular, the inequalities Americans face at the starting line — bright children from poor families are less likely to finish college than much less able children of the affluent -- aren’t just an outrage; they represent a huge waste of the nation’s human potential. But there are things education can’t do. In particular, the notion that putting more kids through college can restore the middle-class society we used to have is wishful thinking. So if we want a society of broadly shared prosperity, education isn’t the answer — we’ll have to go about building that society directly. We need to restore the bargaining power that labor has lost over the last 30 years, so that ordinary workers as well as superstars have the power to bargain for good wages. We need to guarantee the essentials, above all health care, to every citizen. We can’t just give workers college degrees, which may be no more than tickets to jobs that don’t exist or don’t pay middle-class wages.

36． The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the U. S. job market______. A．has justified the importance of education to economic success B．has been characterized by a rise in demand for skilled workers C．has seen unbalanced job growth among different wages D．has experienced a decrease in medium-wage jobs

正确答案：C 解析：第一段指出美国就业市场的显著特征：高薪就业和低薪就业迅速增长，而中等薪资就业增长已落后；且最近此趋势进一步加剧：曾经增长迅速的“中等薪资职位中的高端职位”也出现大幅下滑。由此可推知，美国各级薪资之间就业增长不平衡，[C]选项正确。

37． According to the economists, advances in technology may______. A．increase the demand for those who work with information B．computerize most of the manual labor

C．pose a threat to routine task workers

D．help increase the payment of well-educated workers

正确答案：C 解析：根据题干关键名词the economists(经济学家)定位到第二段第三、四句。该部分明确指出，经济学家认为，电脑在完成例行任务方面十分出色(computers．．．excel at routine tasks)，[C]选项是对专家眼中的技术进步能造成影响的合理推测，故正确。

38． According to Alan Blinder, globalization poses a threat to______. A．manufacturing workers B．highly-educated workers C．poorly-educated workers

D．workers in the service industry

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干关键词Alan Blinder和globalization(全球化)定位到第三段。该段指出，艾伦.布林德和艾伦.克鲁格的研究表明：高学历高收入的工作比低学历低收入的工作更容易外包境外。即：全球化更容易冲击美国的高学历劳动者，[B]选项正确。

39． In the author’s opinion, American education______.

A．fails to fulfill its responsibility in building a prosperous society B．mistakenly emphasizes advances in technology C．is conventionally downgraded in its significance

D．has been overestimated in its importance to economic prosperity

正确答案：D

解析：第一段作者先指出：“教育是取得经济成功的关键”是条举世公认的真理，接着作者对此予以反驳：美国劳动力市场的根本问题不是缺乏技能。第四、五段作者进一步指出：仅凭改善教育并不能实现美国经济的繁荣。可见，作者认为教育对经济繁荣的重要性被高估了，[D]选项正确。

40． The text intends to express the idea that______. A．we need to fix American education B．it’s time to restore an equal society

C．middle class makes the core of American strength D．education isn’t the answer to economic success

正确答案：D

解析：第一段指出大众观点“教育是经济成功的关键”，并表明作者不同看法：当前美国就业市场的主要问题不是欠缺技能，而是中等薪资就业增长缓慢。第二、三段通过反驳“当前技术进步会增加高技能工作者的就业机会”和“全球化对低技能劳动者造成最大威胁”来否定大众观点，论证自己观点。第四、五段

基于前文例证，向政策制定者提出建议：改革教育虽非常必要，但这并非繁荣美国经济的根本；正确的做法是直接构建这样的社会(即，采取更直接的经济政策)。由此可见，全文旨在表达教育并非取得经济成功的答案，[D]选项正确。

Part B (10 points)

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) Something big is up in higher education thanks to the arrival of “massive open online courses”(MOOCs), which can reach millions around the world. What most people —including university leaders—don’t yet realize is that this new way of teaching and learning, together with employers’ growing frustration with the skills of graduates, is poised to usher in a new credentialing system that may compete with college degrees within a decade. 【R1】______ This innovation therefore has the potential to create enormous opportunities for students, employers, and star teachers even as it upends the cost structure and practices of traditional campuses.【R2】______ Consider the first of the two converging trends. As is well known, frustration with the performance of traditional institutions is mounting. Most employers say graduates lack the skills they need. Tuition has risen far faster than inflation or household earnings for two decades. Meanwhile, the online revolution in learning is exploding. 【R3】______ The key question is how quickly these MOOCs will offer not just a breakthrough mode of learning for the enterprising and the curious but also true credentials that students seek because employers value them. Once a sufficient infrastructure of credible exams and assessments around MOOCs is in place, we’ll enter a new world. In this world, students will be able to credential themselves routinely via such courses and assessments as a way to bolster their resumes. 【R4】______ Once this challenge to the monopoly of today’s accrediting institutions begins, a big part of higher education may become vulnerable to the kind of disruption the music industry experienced a decade ago, as centrally controlled and distributed albums gave way, thanks to technology, to customized playlists assembled by individuals. This won’t happen overnight, hut it won’t take forever, either. If a nontrivial portion of higher education is destined to be challenged this way in the next decade, what will that mean for society? And what should universities do? 【R5】______ Today these business models truly run in full range. On one end are graduate schools that charge full freight for online degrees. On the other end of the spectrum, online learning platforms may be fueling an expectation that education should be “free,” with students paying o-ver time for the exams or certificates that prove their value to employers. Maybe that’s a promising model, but the notion of free could as easily prove a risky path that undermines the economics of creating new courses. That’s why L. Rafael Reif, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, suggested recently that online students should pay modest fees to help the physical university sustain its mission.[A]When assessors persuade employers that these credentials are reliable

predictors of workplace success, employers will have the confidence to give job candidates “credit” for work done outside the officially accredited institutions of higher education.[B]Still, university leaders seeking to fulfill their mission in an era of unprecedented change would do well to develop some guiding principles to shape their response.[C]At the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill’s Kenan-Flagler Business School, for example, tuition is more than $ 90,000 for an online MBA.[D]This emerging delivery regime is more than just a distribution mechanism; done right, it promises students faster, more consistent engagement with high-quality content, as well as measurable results.[E]Coursera, a for-profit venture that taps professors and lecturers from 62 universities boasts many courses with 50,000 to 100,000 users who pay nothing for access to the best professors in the world; overall, the company has more than 2. 7 million registered students, who take at least one course.[F]The answers depend largely on what online business models and motives evolve to govern the roles of teaching talent, colleges, assessment firms, and other key players across the education landscape.[G]Capturing the promise of this new world without losing the best of the old will require fresh ways to square radically expanded access to world-class instruction with motives to create intellectual property and scholarly communities, plus university leaders intelligent enough to shape these evolving business models while they still can.

41． 【R1】

正确答案：D

解析：空格出现在第一段末。空格上文指出，“大型开放式网络课程”的来临会给高等教育带来一些重大变化，这种新的教学模式及雇主对毕业生技能的日益失望将会引入一个新的认证体系，该体系或许在十年内与大学学位发生竞争。空格下文(第二段)指出，这一革新拥有为学生、雇主及名师创造大量机会的潜力。空格上下文都在围绕“大型开放式网络课程”这一新生事物展开论述，由此推断空格内容也应紧扣这一话题。[D]指出，这种新兴的交付制度使用得当的话可确保学生更快更连贯地获取高质量教学内容及可测评性结果。选项入选后通过代词指代保持了话题一致：massive open onlinecourses→this new way of teaching and learning→This emerging delivery regime→This innovation；同时，该选项所述“可确保学生更快更连贯地获取高质量教学内容及可测评性结果”与下文“拥有为学生创造大量机会的潜力”存在因果关系，符合therefore的衔接功能，故为正确选项。[A]和[B]因出现了employers，credentials，higher education，university leaders而对本题有干扰。但[A]主要阐述的是资格证书的作用，these credentials为复数，是组成“大型开放式网络课程”的一部分，这与下文This innovation的指代出现了脱节，故排除。[B]则根据语义可推测该选项的下文应对someguiding principles作进一步具体介绍，与原文语境不符，故排除。

42． 【R2】

正确答案：G

解析：空格出现在第二段末。空格上文指出，这_革新(大型开放式网络课程)拥有为学生、雇主及名师创造大量机会的潜力。空格下文(第三段)介绍了两股聚合的趋势：一股是有关传统教学机构的，它们的表现越来越令人失望，毕业生缺乏雇主所需要的技能，学费贵；一股是有关“大型开放式网络课程”的，指出这种学习领域的网络化革命正在大爆发。根据the two converging trends的段首指代功能可推测第二段段末空格处应出现与“新事物(大型开放式网络课程)”不同的事物，这样才可过渡到第三段的“两股趋势”。[G]指出，既要抓住新世界的美好前景而又不失掉原有世界的精华，并对实现条件作了具体阐释；此处，“新世界”指代“大型开放式网络课程”，“原有世界”则指代“传统教学机构”，恰能与上下文实现顺滑衔接。[D]选项可能因This emerging delivery regime与This innovation意义上的相近而对本题造成干扰，但选项主要论述的是这种“新兴”的制度，入选后使得下文the two converging trends出现语义断层，故排除。

43． 【R3】

正确答案：E

解析：空格上文指出“大型开放式网络课程”引起的学习领域的网络化革命正在大爆发。空格下文(第四段)转换话题，开始分析大型开放式网络课程所要解决的关键问题。空格处于第三段末，应该与其上文保持一致。[E]中many courses with 50，000 to 100，000 users，more than 2．7 million registeredstudents说明注册Coursera接受网络课程教育的人非常多，该选项是对the online revolution in learningis exploding的具体数字例证，故正确。[C]可能因tuition is more than $90，000(for an online MBA)与空格前文Tuition has risen far fas—ter．．．的近似关系而对本题造成干扰，但原文中“价格贵”指的是“传统教育机构”，而选项则说的是“在线教育”的学费，并且[C]中for example表明“学费”是对前文的例证，而空格前内容则叙述的是，学习领域的网络化革命正在大爆发，意即，“大型开放式网络课程”正在蓬勃发展，该选项与原文的语义与逻辑均不符，故排除。

44． 【R4】

正确答案：A

解析：空格出现在第五段中间。空格上文指出，在这个世界，学生将能够通过这些课程和测评来证明自己的实力，从而充实自己的简历。根据this world与such courses and assessments的指代关系可知。前者指的是“大型开放式网络课程”所带来的新世界。后者指的是“网络课程及学习结果测评”。空格下文指出，一旦这种对今天这些认证机构独断局面的挑战开始，高等教育的一大部分可能会不堪承受这场变革。根据this challenge的指代作用可推测空格处应该出现其具体指代内容，再根据“这一挑战”是针对今天的“认证机构”而言，可推测空格应涉及“新的认证方式”。[A]指出，当评估人员劝服雇主，这些资格证书是职场成功的可靠预测指标时，雇主就会有信心给予应聘者信任，认可他们在正规高等教育机构范围外所做的工作。“雇主的信任与认可”一方面回应空格前文bolster their resumes，另一方面说明在线学习在通过测评后获得的资格证书亦得到社会认可，构成对正规高等教育机构学历认证的威胁，照应空格下文this challenge to the monopoly of today’s accrediting institutions，故[A]为正确选项。

45． 【R5】

正确答案：F

解析：空格出现在第六段末。空格上文指出，“大型开放式网络课程”引发的变革不会一夜间发生，但也不会旷日持久；并由高等教育注定会面对这一挑战提出问题：这对社会意味着什么?大学该做些什么?空格下文转而介绍在线学习的各种商业模式。因此，空格内容应该与其上文保持一致，围绕上文提出的两个问题进行论述。[F]指出，答案在很大程度七取决于在线商业模式及其动机如何发展演化以便管理教学人才、大学、测评公司和教育领域内其他关键参与者；The answers回应前文两个问题，提出解决的关键点所在，同时online business models亦与下文内容衔接紧密，故该选项正确。[G]对本题有干扰，该选项提到的require fresh ways to square…with…shape these evolving business models也可看做是一种解决方法，并且亦与下文相照应；但空格前文第五段指出高等教育的一大部分可能会不堪承受“大型开放式网络课程”带来的变革，第六段再次指出，高等教育注定要遭受在线教育的挑战，此两段主要凸显的是在线教育与传统教育的竞争冲突关系，而[G]则讨论的是把“新旧”两世界结合起来，与语境不符，同时，this new world…the old的指代也显得突兀，故排除。

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

Has the global economy entered an era of persistently high, changeable commodity prices? Our research shows that during the past eight years alone, they have undone the decline of the previous century, rising to levels not seen since the early 1900s .【F1】Our analysis suggests that they will remain high and changeable for at least the next 20 years if current trends hold—barring a major macroeconomic shock—as global resource markets vibrate in response to surging global demand and inelastic supplies. Such dramatic growth in demand for commodities actually isn’t unusual. Similar factors were at play throughout the 20th century as the planet’s population tripled and demand for various resources jumped anywhere from 600 to 2,000 percent. Had supply remained constant, commodity prices would have soared.【F2】Yet dramatic improvements in exploration, extraction, and cultivation techniques kept supply ahead of ever-increasing global needs, cutting the real price of an equally weighted index of key commodities by almost half. This ability to access progressively cheaper resources underpinned a 20-fold expansion of the world economy. However, it’s different today. First, we are now aware of the potential climatic impact of carbon emissions associated with surging resource use.【F3】Without major changes, global carbon emissions will remain significantly above the level required to keep increases in the global temperature below the threshold identified as potentially catastrophic. Second, it’s becoming increasingly difficult to expand the supply of commodities, especially in the short run.【F4】While there may not be absolute resource shortages—the perceived risk of one has historically spurred efficiency-enhancing innovations—we are at a point where supply is increasingly

inelastic. Long-term marginal costs are increasing for many resources as depletion rates accelerate and new investments are made in more complex, less productive locations. 【F5】Higher commodity prices are one way of bringing supply and demand nearer to balance—but not a desirable means for most policy makers and business leaders, since lofty prices can drag down profits and growth. Another approach is to squeeze greater “productivity” from natural resources by, for example improving mining recovery rates. Our research summarized in a forthcoming McKinsey Global Institute report on the world’s natural-resource needs in the 21st century—suggests that better resource productivity could single-handedly meet more than 20 percent of forecast 2030 demand for energy, steel, water, and land. In addition, higher long-term resource prices might create the necessary incentive for breakthroughs, especially around energy-related technologies that could reduce carbon emissions. More will need to be done of course, and we’re not suggesting that it’s easy. Yet as we enter a new era for commodities, there’s little choice but to act.

46． 【F1】

正确答案：我们的分析表明，如果照当前的趋势发展下去——排除重大的宏观经济冲击——至少未来20年商品价格依然会居高不下且波动不定，原因在于全球资源市场因全球需求飙升及供应缺乏弹性而动荡不定。

47． 【F2】

正确答案：但勘探、提炼和耕作技术的巨大进步使得供给始终领先于持续增长的全球需求，从而使得有着等权重指数的主要商品的实际价格下降了近一半。

48． 【F3】

正确答案：如果不做出大改观的话，全球碳排放量会大大超过既定标准，该标准确保全球升温程度低于可导致毁灭性灾难的临界温度值。

49． 【F4】

正确答案：尽管不会出观绝对性资源短缺——此类感知风险曾激发历史上提高效率的创新——我们却处于一个供给越来越缺乏弹性的时代。

50． 【F5】

正确答案：更高的商品价格足维持供需更*衡的一种方式——但对于大多数政策制定者与商界领导者而占却并非一种理想的方式，因为商品高价会降低利润，减缓发展。

Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

51． The headline of the local newspaper reads “High-speed Railways and the Online Ticketing System; Perfect Solutions for Passengers worried about tickets”. As the chief editor for the school journal, you will write a comment on this news. In this comment, you should cite the source of the news, introduce its main idea and express your own opinions.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not write the address.(10 points)

正确答案： Editorial The local newspaper on Aug. 28, 2012 announced that high-speed railways and the online ticketing system could perfectly solve the unavailability of seat or berth tickets to common passengers. This conclusion was based on the assumption that the operation of high-speed railways could enhance transport capacity and the introduction of the online ticketing system could make those increased seats and berths fairly distributed. Undoubtedly, the two moves look promising but I am not as optimistic. High-speed trains have not diverted passengers as successfully as expected, leaving overcrowding in ordinary trains unchanged. In addition, the online ticketing system is ineffective not only for Internet idiots but also for Internet frequent users because it often crashes. Actually, the currently fundamental method is to maximize the efficiency of old railways.

Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

52． Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawings. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawings briefly,2)explain their intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

正确答案： Here are two pictures for a story concerning people and food. The first picture portrays a historical scene: an extremely hungry man was looking longingly at an empty broken bowl, bitterly disappointed that there was no food to eat. In contrast, the second picture reflects what is currently happening. A man, anxious about food quality, hesitates to choose among a wide variety of foods in an exquisite bowl. The two pictures indicate that while options for foods are enriched significantly with the development of the society, food quality, instead of improving correspondingly, deteriorates seriously. In today’s China, a dazzling variety of food products are piled up on the shelves of supermarkets. However, equally dizzying are food quality scandals such as contaminated milk. Food quality suffers mainly because many food producers have chosen to forget that high quality is essential to long-term survival of companies. In the age when economic gain is emphasized, those producers tend to blindly pursue profits and refuse to implement time-and-money-consuming quality control programs. Also, ineffective supervision should not escape the blame.

There are many potentially unsafe foods in China’s market, which greatly increases the health risk among Chinese people. Therefore, efforts should be taken to solve it. An effective supervision system should be built to ensure that companies which produce unsafe foods will be heavily punished or even closed. More importantly, the atmosphere of emphasizing product quality should be reconstructed.