BuzfgqaB8整理】雅思大作文写作方法 常用表达

Time will pierce the surface or youth, will be on the beauty of the ditch dug a shallow groove ; Jane will eat rare!A born beauty, anything to escape his sickle sweep

.-- Shakespeare

雅思大作文写作方法+常用表达

【Abby阿布整理】 2008.05

6 大作文task2

6.1雅思大作文评分标准细则

Band 9 Task response • fully addresses all parts of the task • presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas • sufficiently addresses all parts of the task • presents a well-developed response to the question with relevant, extended and supported ideas Coherence & cohesion • uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention •skilfully manages paragraphing Lexical resource •uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as „slips‟ •uses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise meanings •skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation •produces rare errors in spelling and/or word formation • uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision • uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation • may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation •uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task •attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy •makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication Grammer range and accuracy •uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare minor errors occur only as „slips‟ •uses a wide range of structures • the majority of sentences are error-free • makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies 8 •sequences information and ideas logically •manages all aspects of cohesion well • uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately 7 • addresses all parts of the task •presents a clear position throughout the response •presents, extends and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus • logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout •uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use • presents a clear central topic within each paragraph •arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression •uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical •may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately • uses paragraphing, but not always logically •presents information with some organisation but there may be a lack of overall progression •makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices •may be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution •may not write in paragraphs, or paragraphing may be inadequate • presents information and ideas but these are not arranged coherently and there is no clear progression in the response • uses some basic cohesive devices but these may be inaccurate or repetitive • may not write in paragraphs or their use may be confusing •uses a variety of complex structures • produces frequent error-free sentences • has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors 6 • addresses all parts of the task although some parts may be more fully covered than others • presents a relevant position although the conclusions may become unclear or repetitive • presents relevant main ideas but some may be inadequately developed/unclear •addresses the task only partially; the format may be inappropriate in places •expresses a position but the development is not always clear and there may be no conclusions drawn •presents some main ideas but these are limited and not sufficiently developed; there may be irrelevant detail • responds to the task only in a minimal way or the answer is tangential; the format may be inappropriate • presents a position but this is unclear • presents some main ideas but these are difficult to identify and may be repetitive, irrelevant or not well supported •uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms •makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rarely reduce communication 5 •uses a limited range of vocabulary, but this is minimally adequate for the task •may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader •uses only a limited range of structures •attempts complex sentences but these tend to be less accurate than simple sentences •may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation may be faulty; errors can cause some difficulty for the reader • uses only a very limited range of structures with only rare use of subordinate clauses • some structures are accurate but errors predominate, and punctuation is often faulty 4 • uses only basic vocabulary which may be used repetitively or which may be inappropriate for the task • has limited control of word formation and/or spelling; errors may cause strain for the reader

3 • does not adequately address any part of the task • does not express a clear position • presents few ideas, which are largely undeveloped or irrelevant does not organise ideas logically • may use a very limited range of cohesive devices, and those used may not indicate a logical relationship between ideas uses only a very limited range of words and expressions with very limited control of word formation and/or spelling • errors may severely distort the message attempts sentence forms but errors in grammar and punctuation predominate and distort the meaning

雅思大作文评分标准细则

成绩 9      8 任务回应 完全回应题目所有要求 立场表达清晰，论证完全； 观点相关性好，扩展充分，论据充足； •充分回应题目所有要求； •观点相关，有扩展，有论据；   连贯与衔接 不留痕迹地衔接； 分段得体；  词汇资源 词汇使用广泛、自然而老到；极少出现小错误如“笔误”； 能流畅、灵活地使用多样词汇来准确表达思想； 能巧妙使用较不常见单词和习语，尽管偶尔有词汇选择和搭配上的不准确； 拼写和构词法错误极少； 词汇使用丰富、有一定的准确性和灵活性； 能使用较不常见词汇，对语体和搭配有所了解； 在词汇的选择、拼写和构词法上偶尔有错误； 语法结构的范围和准确性  语法结构的使用广泛、准确而灵活；极少出现小错误如“笔误”； 灵活使用多种结构； 大部分语句无误； 极偶尔情况下出现错误或不准确；    信息和观点的安排有逻辑性； 衔接良好； 分段恰当；          7 回应题目所有要求； 自始至终立场清晰； 表达了主要观点，提供了论据并进行了扩展，但有可能太宽泛或对观点的支持太分散；  信息和观点组织有逻辑性；文章从头至尾有延续性； 衔接手段使用合理，虽然可能有一些使用过少或过多； 每段都有清晰的中心论点； 信息和观点组织连贯；文章有延续性； 衔接手段使用有效，但是句子内部和句子之间的衔接可能有误或过于机械； 有分段，但可能有时缺乏逻辑性 对信息进行了一定组织，但整体缺乏延续性； 过渡手段不够、不准确或过多； 过渡手段重复； 没有分段，或分段不足；        使用多种复杂结构； 多数语句无误； 语法和标点掌握较好，但可能会犯一些错误；   回应题目所有要求，然而有些论证多一些，有些论证少一些； 立场切题，尽管结论不清晰或重复； 主要观点有相关性，然而一些可能没有充分论证，或不清晰； 部分回应题目要求，一些地方格式不正确； 表达了立场，但论证不是一直清晰，也可能没有结论 ； 给出了一些主要观点，但没有充分扩展，可能出现无关细节； 任务回应极少，不切题，或格式不恰当； 表达了观点，但观点不清晰； 提出了一些主要观点，但很难区分，且观点重复、不相关或没有论据支持； 对任务任一部分都没有足够的回应； 没有表达清晰立场 提出了极少观点，且基本没有扩展或不相关； 几乎没有回应任务； 没有表达立场； 可能试图提出一两个观点，但没有扩展； 回答与任务完全无关；      6    使用适当范围的词汇； 试图使用较不常见词汇，但有一些不准确； 在拼写和构词法上有错误，但这些错误不至于影响交际；   能使用简单和复杂句子结构； 语法和标点出现一些错误，尽管这些错误很少导致交流障碍；   5        使用有限词汇量，但只是在最低层面上满足题目； 拼写和构词法上可能出现明显错误，造成读者的某些阅读困难；    只能使用基本句子结构； 试图使用复杂句，但复杂句的使用准确性不如简单句； 语法错误较多，标点有误用；错误造成读者的某些阅读困难； 只使用有限的句子结构，从句很少见； 有的结构准确但错误较多，标点经常错误；  4     提供信息和观点，但安排不连贯，也没有清晰的连续性； 使用一些基本的衔接手段，但可能不准确或重复 没有逻辑性地组织观点； 衔接手段的使用非常有限，不能表明观点之间的逻辑关系； 对组织结构的掌握极少    只使用基本词汇，可能重复，可能使用不得体； 构词法和拼写掌握有限； 错误导致读者理解困难；    3            只使用非常有限的单词和表达，对于构词法和拼写的掌握很有限； 错误严重干扰信息的传递； 词汇使用极其有限；基本没有掌握构词法和拼写  试图写出句子但语法和标点错误非常多，扭曲了意思   2 1 0 除了背诵的短语以外无法使用句子  无法交流任何信息  只能使用一些零散单词  完全无法使用句子 缺席考试； 交白卷； 完全抄袭背诵好的范文

6分：文章切题，语句通顺，没有明显错误（小错在6个以内），有一些比较不错的语句（复杂句、排比、倒装、从句等等）就是6分的标准了。 7分：文笔流畅，错误极少，有个别闪光点就是7分。

8分：论点新颖、别具一格，就是8分。或者论点一般，但十分切题，语言很漂亮，令人印象深刻。也是8分（不过一般这样也可以给7分）。

6.2 5～9分范文

范例6-1

The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to decrease violent crimes in society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

It has been suggested that the government should take action on the violent films and televisions which posed the violent crimes in society .The implication and veracity of this idea seem reasonable but in fact require closer examination.

First of all, the course of the increasing of the crux of the violent crimes is not the violent films and televisions. The major reason is that the big gap between the poor and the rich and with people‟s moral character as well. As I see it, the governments are obligated to develop the economy and the consciousness.

In addition, if forbid the violence in films and on televisions, we will lose some excellent films, because to some action films, the quintessential part is violence and therefore, it is no benefit for neither film extent or culture.

What‟s more, violent films and televisions are good negative examples, for it gives people fears who commit violent crimes .A boy in my class, who has a fiery temper, often fights with others, Once he saw a violent film of a crippled actor because of the violence, he was worried and had a lesson on it which effects him a lot, finally he became a disciplined boy.

For these reasons I feel strongly that the film of violence should not be controlled and that we should objectively evaluate and criticize the issue , because we need different films and televisions, so we can learn something from them. (245words) 得分：５分

文章结构清晰，是一篇５段式的作文，但是在第４段中，作者其实是论述了与前两段不同的观点，但用的连接词却是what‟s more使得这段的真正意图没有体现出来。

从语言方面来说，似乎文章用了一些好词，如implication and veracity, crux, be obligated to等等，但是仍然有些低级的语法错误，如if forbid the violence in films and on televisions这个句子是没有主语的句子，是非常严重的错误，给考官的印象非常的不好。

其次，很明显，文章单词等级的跳跃性很大，第一段用的词都不较高级别，而第３段的词句很简单而且有严重的错误。

此外，由于文章的词数也没有达到最低要求，导致失分。 范例6-2

Some people think the function of university education is to prepare students for their future employment. However, others believe that it must have other important functions. Discuss and indicate what other functions the university education can provide.

Some hold that the function of university or college education is to help students to get ready for their future paying-job. While others consider that the use of university or college education is more than the mere function. As far as I am concerned, university must have other important functions in many aspects.

There is no doubt that we go to university to improve our skills and ability on coping with the things that would happen in our future job. But on campus it is not the only function. Because university is not only the place only to study in but is a part of society where we could learn how to communicate with each other and develop ourselves‟ personality.

Whichever universities or colleges are in the world are composed with people and buildings. They are just like a small society and we can take advantage of them to make friends with all kinds and

backgrounds. How we could keep the friendship is one of function we should learn in the university before we go to the true society to hunt our career. Therefore, one of the functions of university education is that we could enlarge our relationship in the university.

Honest is also another function that we could learn in the university or college. Before we take the exam, we have to promise that we will not cheating during detest and when someone is caught for cheating, he (or she) will be punished strictly. Honest is one of the basic principles for each person.

University or college is not just a place for students only to prepare their future employment but a place that students could learn how to make friends and be hoesty.

（285words）

得分：６分

文章结构很清晰，５段是作文，首段和尾段分别是总起和总结；

文章句与句间的衔接处理地很一般，没有什么连接词来表达上下句的关系；

从语言方面来说，文章总体的语言水平尚可，句子很容易理解，但是也有很多语法错误，如Whichever universities or colleges are in the world are composed with people and buildings就写得很莫名。此外，文章的措辞很有限，没有什么同义词或词组的变换，句型也一般，没有太精彩的好句。 范例6-3

Food can be produced much more cheaply today because of improved facilities and better machinery. However, some of the methods may be dangerous to human health, and may have negative effects on local community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

As science in life prosper, a majority of good produced by high technology has been brought to the spotlight. Some people, therefore, reckon that several sorts of method through which food are produced have negative effects on peoples‟ health as well as local community. As far as I am concerned, this argument is quiet true.

The main reason usually given in favor of high technology using on food bringing negative effects is that the fertilizer. Farmers all anticipate their crops can grow well. However, flood or heavy rain may stop

crops from growing up which lessen the profits and fertilizer which consists of special elements except normal ones can help crops grow well but these sorts of elements always do harm to our humans‟ health if we absorb them.

A second argument by advocates of this phenomenon is that it can bring a negative impression of the society. Government has the right to impede food from being produced by improved facilities and better machinery so as to protect citizens‟ health. In contrast, if government connives this phenomenon, citizens will not trust their government and government will lose peoples‟ trustworthiness.

Nonetheless, it is pointed out by opponents of food being produced by high technology is a good method say that it can increase quantities and qualities of goods so as to decrease the high price of good, and helps retailers to make more profits and less prime cost. What‟s more, much more people can taste more sorts of food with a low price.

To reiterate, though food produced by high technology has some advantages, I feel this method to cultivate food has more major demerits and why I prefer to impede this comportment. (282 words) 得分：６分

这篇文章虽然得了６分，但却是具有７分的潜质的文章。乍一看，文章的词汇和句型都有一定的功底，第一印象感觉是７分档次，但是仔细分析发现在语法上有严重欠缺，如The main reason usually given in favor of high technology using on food bringing negative effects is that the fertilizer。这个句子前半句中using应该改成used，这是非位语动词使用错误，后半句中that引导的应该是个从句，而文章却只写了the fertilizer，属于句子不完整，是严重错误。

按理来说，文章整体的词汇和句型不错，若犯了一些小毛小病，则仍然属于７分的档次，但是这篇文章中由于细小错误和少量严重错误并存，所以降到了６分这个档次。 范例6-4

More and more people using mobile phone and computer instead of letters. Will letter disappear completely? Agree or disagree? How important is letter writing?

It is demonstrated by a recent survey that the use of mobile phone and computer are dramatically increased. In contrast, the use of written letter is sharply decreased. Some people deem that if the situation deteriorates, letter writing will completely disappear. From my point of view, I partly agree with this argument.

One major reason for this phenomenon is that as the advanced technology develops rapidly, mobile phone and computer play an important part of our daily life. We can make phone calls to our friends (at) any time. In addition, mobile phone is a good method of helping ourselves if we are in emergency. What‟ more, computer has widespread repercussion for the whole society. It can do a plenty of things just like storing the majority of information, calculating a complex math problem, and bringing entertainment to our lives. The most important function of the computer is to help people chat more conveniently through the internet.

Another reason used to justify the importance of mobile phone and computer is that they are the witnesses of the development of science and society. As we all know, the faster mobile phone and computer develop the wider human beings make step to improve the society.

It is undoubtedly that the written letter has great repercussion for the whole society. It is a necessary method to continue our history. Calligraphy, one sort of handwriting, is well known for its long-standing history and people all over the world prefer to learn it. What‟s more, old people who occupy a large proportion of the world population are unfamiliar with high technology, which make written letter more important for them to communicate with others.

Weighing up the reasons presented above, I reach the conclusion that the use of written letter will gradually decreased but it will not disappear completely one day. (304 words)

得分：７分

文章结构很清晰，５段式的作文，首段和尾段分别是总起和总结，当中３段为主体段。 文章用了适当的连接词，如what‟s more, in addition等，使得句与句之间更有连贯性。

从语言方面来讲，词汇比较突出一点，有一些亮点词汇，如have great repercussion for, deteriorate等，总体感觉词汇有一定的宽度。句型方面尚可，有一定变化，但不多。仍然有一些语法错误，如As we all know, the faster mobile phone and computer develop the wider human beings make step to improve the society以及The most important function of the computer is to help people chat more convenient through the internet. 等，这些错误都很明显，但不影响理解。 范例6-5

Some teachers say students should be organised into group study. Others argue that students should be made to study alone. Discuss the benefits of both and state the more effective method in your opinion.

The debate over whether studying in group is superior to studying alone has long been under question and educational experts are deeply divided over this issue. From an objective perspective, I’m strongly convinced that both methods have their own superiorities. (40 words) (此段第一句对原题的改写并引题，最后一句表达中立的观点。2句话40词，在实际考试中是最适用且能拿考分的第一段写法)

One of the major superiorities of group study is that it provides an environment in which students can exchange ideas with each other. It is well known that knowledge knows no bounds, so it is almost impossible for even an eminent professor at university to have a good command of everything, let alone an ordinary student. In consequence, students should be divided into different groups or classes so that they can communicate with, learn from and help each other. (78words)(此段是分析studying in group的第一个优点，第一句是主题句，直接表明观点，随后的都是支持句，进一步分析为什么学生要在一起学习互相交流想法)

Another obvious advantage of studying in group is that students have the opportunity to learn to socialize with others. Many sociologists point out that people in modern society are more isolated than those in ancient times mainly because they do not have enough opportunities to get alone with others. Under such circumstances, it is unreasonable to deprive the students of the chance to socialize by arranging them to study alone. (70words)(此段从一个方面提出了学生一起学习的好处，第一句同样是主

题句，后面也同样的是支持句，对主题句进一步展开讨论)

We should not, notwithstanding, overlook the fact that studying alone also has its unique merit----effectiveness. In a big class, top students might feel bored because the teacher does not give them enough material to learn whereas poor students might feel just the opposite because the teacher gives them too many materials to digest. In other words, the teacher usually slows down the rate of progress or reduces the content of his lesson in the light of students with lower ability. (81words)(按题目要求，这一段是讲了独立学习的好处而不是它的坏处)

Comparing the benefits of both sides, I deem group study more effective only if the class or group is not too big. (22words)(由于上文分析得很详尽，因此最后一段只要表达出哪种方法更为有效即可) 得分：８分

黑体部分为全文的亮点，作者把课堂上所学到的好词好句全都用上了，而且感觉很流畅； 全文的观点清晰，句型多样，词汇有宽度，基本没有任何明显错误；

这篇例文，不论是从语言和内容，还是文章的篇幅来讲，都比较适合实战中使用，是一篇既实际又优秀的范文。 范例6-6

People have shown their selfishness and greed in modern society. Therefore, some people would like to go back to those traditional societies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Many people now make various complaints about modern society, especially people‟s selfishness and greed. Some of them even argue that they would like to go back to those traditional societies. Obviously, this opinion is rather arbitrary. (36words) (开头摆出一些人的观点，然后引入个人观点。)

To begin with, not everyone in modern society is so selfish and greedy that it is unbearable. It is true that some people cannot resist the temptation brought about by modern society and therefore become egotistic and greedy for wealth, fame and the like. Nonetheless, we should not overlook the fact that more people are content with current living standards and can get along with others. (66 words) （开门见山提出支持现代社会的第一个理由。）

What’s more, it is apparent that modern society has superiority over traditional ones in quality of life. Unlike traditional societies, modern society leads people to know how to entertain and relax themselves and enjoy their life. People in traditional societies may be thriftier, but a boring and stereotype life style cannot satisfy people‟s increasing demand for material life. Life also needs creativity and novelty. (64 words) （用逻辑连接词what‟s more引出支持现代社会的第二个理由。）

Nothing in the world, nevertheless, is perfect and modern society is no exception. There is no denying that some selfish and greedy people exist in modern society, but this is not a proper reason why we should go back to traditional societies. There is no doubt that there must also be a lot of selfish and greedy people in traditional societies. Going back to traditional societies, therefore, can by no means solve the problem. (73 words)（用逻辑连接词nevertheless引出现代社会存在的问题，然后指出传统社会存在同样问题。对比法。）

To sum up, any society, modern or traditional, has its own merits and demerits and we cannot focus only on one side. Modern society, though disliked by some people, command my preference. (32 words)

得分：８分

这篇文章和范例５的风格一样，采用５段式的结构，每段的词数和内容都控制的很好。而且最可贵的是，不像有些提供的例文给人感觉很花哨且不实用，这两篇８分的例文都是按照应试作文的结构来写的，注重实用，而不炫耀文采。因此，给人感觉８分并不是那么的遥远。 范例6-7

When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive.

Overall, I disagree with the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that „traditional skills and ways of life‟ are not automatically of one country, but of a culture or community.

In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to the development of the Internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves!

Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world.

In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means „pointless‟, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life. (254 words)

得分：９分

这是一篇有剑桥官方提供的一篇范文，是一篇４段式的作文结构；

从文章我们不难看出，native speaker写文章不会过分追求词汇的宽度和句型的多样。而且让文章的层次很清楚，语句很流畅，没有很做作的感觉； 内容方面，没有太大新意，但阐述得很容易理解； 范例6-8

A rise in the world’s population is having serious, negative effects on the environment. Some scientists believe that the only way to solve the problem is to set up a colony on the Moon. Others argue that the cost would be far too great and other solutions should be sought. What is your opinion?

The environment is, of course, under serious threat, but the extent to which population growth is responsible may not be as great as some people claim. In fact there are many other factors such as the

growth in big cities, pollution from traffic and manufacturing, and the destruction of rainforest that probably play a bigger role. It is questionable, therefore, how far a colony on the Moon would help solve the problem.

One of the most serious threats to the global ecosystem is the destruction of the rainforests with an area the size of Europe disappearing every year. And this is largely due to large companies in their pursuit of profit. Indeed, whilst international logging companies claim to use on average 10 percent of the species of trees that make up the rainforest, that 10 percent of species constitute about 90 percent of the volume.

Naturally, if the world‟s population was not as large, the demand for wood would be considerably reduced, which would support setting up a colony on the Moon. But even if the colony was set up, how many people in reality, would relocate? Even if the number ran into tens of thousands, the actual effect on the world‟s population would be minimal. Indeed, we only need to consider how many people were killed during the two world wars, which ran into millions, to support this claim. Instead, the cost should be transferred into the development of sustainable economies.

Take for instance, the growth of big cities that consume land at an enormous rate, and that rely on transport and essential services that devastate the environment. If people were to revert to living in small semi self-contained communities, many of the problems experienced by big cities could be avoided. It would even be beneficial for the economy because it would promote the development of small, family-run businesses.

At the end of the day, to claim that setting up a colony on the Moon would help to solve the issue of environmental damage is to close our eyes to the causes of the damage. In short, it could potentially turn out to be a very costly exercise with few real benefits. (364 words)

得分：９分

这篇文章的内容就比较有深度，全文将作者的观点阐述得很好，在内容方面这是一篇比较突出的例文； 语言方面和范例８一样，是以流畅为主的风格，没有过于追求长句和词汇的迹象，但是给人留下的印象依

然觉得作者的语言水平很高；

从实用性方面来讲，这篇文章的篇幅有点过了，在实战当中写那么多，时间不一定够；

对于这种由外教提供的优秀例文，有时只能抱着欣赏的角度来看，吸取它在语言和内容方面的优点，但还是采取应试作文的结构和篇幅比较好； 总而言之，写作文的最高境界还是“中西结合”！ 范例6-9：中国烤鸭的9分范文：教育目的

There is no doubt that helping students find a job is one of the primary functions of university education, but universities do exist for other purposes such as improving students‟ analytical skills and raising students‟ moral standards.

A university education can be seen as a process of improving students‟ analytical thinking. The variety of courses offered at university inspires students in various ways, therefore improving their analytical ability. For example, science courses such as math and biology help students develop a rational way of thinking whereas arts courses such as literature 123ve to let students ponder over issues from a logical, multi- dimensional perspective; and courses in social sciences force students to recognize the ideas that have been traditionally assumed to be acceptable and unproblematic. With the development of these types of analytical thinking, graduates can face future challenges with more confidence and enthusiasm.

Also, university education is expected to improve students‟ moral standards. This is rooted in universities’ belief that students‟ awareness of responsibility towards their community and their country is of high importance. In this ever-degenerating society and civilization, students are encouraged to actively participate in improving the local community. A university that provides care and facilities for physically disadvantaged students may inspire the graduates to better handle situations in the future where they may have to interact with the disabled community. A successful university education is supposed to produce morally sound graduates, therefore increasing their employability.

In conclusion, university education not only helps students locate a decent job but will also develop other qualities such as enhancing their analytical skills and cultivating their hunger and spirit for life.

6.3大作文写作方法

6.3.1 审题 审题要仔细

一篇好的作文，首先是要切题（task response），这是考试中心明确规定的评分标准。雅思作文考试最近几年一个显著的变化就是将早些年比较简单的题目改写，转移讨论的侧重点，考查烤鸭们的审题能力，避免烤鸭们默写范文。

2004年出现过一个关于老建筑的题目：真题1：Do you think old buildings should be broken down, and give place for modern buildings? How are the old buildings important in our society? (你是否认为老建筑应该被拆除，为现代建筑留下空间？) 然而到了2005年，这道题目重新出现的时候已经改头换面：真题2：The government is responsible for protecting a nation‟s cultural identity. Thus, some people believe new buildings should be built in traditional styles. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (政府有责任保护国家的文化特征。因此，人们觉得新建筑应该建成传统样式。) 很明显，新题目的话题已经转移到关注传统建筑对国家或地区文化的影响，而传统建筑的其它几个优点，如审美价值、实用价值甚至是旅游价值，都不再是考察的重点。 题目中有看不懂的单词怎么办？

雅思作文题目出现的单词绝大部分在4000词之内，因此，一般不会在作文题中看到不懂的单词。万一出现生疏的单词，可以通过题目中其它信息来推敲单词的意思。另一种可行方法是尽量熟悉过去考过的作文题目。雅思作文虽然一直有新题出现，但大部分都是旧题的改变。如果对每一个分类的题目都比较熟悉，那么即便出现不懂的单词，也大概可以猜出要考查的方向。 为什么有时题目的单词都懂，但意思还是不懂？

这是因为烤鸭们不熟悉从句或个别短语的用法。如2004年的题目：真题3：It is becoming popular to transport fruits and vegetables to those countries where such plants are out of season or hardly grow. However, some people think that it is a waste of money. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. （将水果蔬菜运输到一些这种食物过了季节或者极少生长的国家变得越来越普遍。然而，一些人觉得这是浪费金钱。）

因此，一定要掌握语法。

题目中什么是重要信息，什么是次要信息？

如果一个题目由两句话组成，一句是陈述句，一句是问句，此时，陈述句的信息最重要。例如：真题4：The advantages of the spread of English as a global language will continue to outweigh its disadvantages. (陈述句表达重要信息) To what extent do you agree or disagree? （问句）

遇到复杂的题目，则其第一句话往往为背景句，这句话往往不需要重视。很多烤鸭们容易受其干扰，

审题出现偏差。解决方法是反复阅读背景句后面的话，这句话往往有意思的转折，和背景句形成对比，或进行强调，因此最为重要。

真题5：Schools should teach children the academic subjects which will be beneficial for their future career（背景句）, so other subjects like music and sports are not important （重要信息）. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 这个题目不是针对学术课程是否重要，而是针对音乐和体育这种非学术课程是否重要。

真题6：Housing shortage in big cities could cause severe consequence (背景句), and only government action can solve this problem （重要信息）. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 这个题目并不是讨论房屋短缺具体产生什么影响，而是讨论是否只有政府才可以解决这个问题。

6.3.2 文章结构和论证结构 文章结构

雅思考试中心对文章段落的数目没有规定，因此，段落的数目不是评分标准。一般来说，大作文有三个主要部分：开头段、主体论述、结论段。

建议大家写五段，也就是中间主体部分写三段。主要是因为大部分学生的语言基础不是很扎实，在中间主体部分讨论过程中很难拓展观点，要不然就是拓展过程连贯性不好。如果写三段，那每一段的字数可以少一些，可以减少因为连贯性不强而导致失分。 论述结构

如果烤鸭们想到三个支持或三个反对的观点，就可以用一边倒的论证方法。如果想到两个支持和一个反对的观点，就可以用双边式论证。建议大家采用双边式论证方法，原因有两个：第一，烤鸭们在考场上没有时间想到三个支持或反对的观点，那么想一个反面的观点来弥补是最简单的方法。第二，事物没有绝对的好坏对错，从正反两方面进行论述比较全面，也符合实际，更容易让考官接受。

6.3.2开头段写法

6.3.2.1 讨论类和观点类的开头段包括三句话：背景句、改写题目句、个人立场表达句。

Sentence1： background (general statement) 第一句话：文章的背景(一般的介绍)

Sentence 2：rephrase the topic (thesis statement) 第二句话：改写题目(点明论题)

Sentence 3： personal opinion or brief description of the main body.

第三句话：个人立场或者中间主体部分的简单描述 背景句写法：

首先，确定题目讨论哪个方面的问题，然后以这个问题为中心，写一句介绍性的话。

真题7：Some people who have been successful in society don‟t attribute their success to the theoretical knowledge they learned from their university．Do you agree or disagree? (题目大意：社会上成功的人并不将他们的成功归功于在大学里学的理论知识。你是否同意?)

这个题目讨论的是个人成功(personal achievement)或者理论知识(theoretical knowledge)，那么就围绕这几个单词写一个陈述句：

开头句一：People have long been interested in identifying the forces that contribute to personal achievement．(人们长期以来都对找到影响个人成就的作用因素感兴趣。)

开头句二：The importance of theoretical knowledge to one‟s success is a matter for debate．(理论知识对个人成功的重要性是一个备受争论的话题。)

烤鸭们可以记住一些开头句的句型，比如：The importance of…to…is a matter for debate.等，并将此运用在不同题目的练习中，这样就可以在考场上迅速写出背景句了。 改写题目

第二句话是改写题目，点明论题。很多烤鸭们在这里容易犯两个错误：一是照抄题目，二是句子过长。解决方法如下：

1． 改写题目，而不是照抄题目。 2． 简洁地改写题目，避免累赘。

真题8：Do you think it is better to send criminals to jail or let them receive education or job training?(题目大意：你觉得罪犯是在监狱里服刑好，还是接受教育或者工作培训好?)

先写背景句：The treatment of criminals has been open to debate in recent years．(对罪犯的处理在最近几年已经被广泛地争论。)那么接下来，很多烤鸭们可能会在开头段第二句把题目照抄上去：Some people think it is better to send criminals to jails than to let them receive education or job training．这样的写法不会给考官留下好的印象。如何有效改写题目呢？烤鸭们可以通过下面三种方法来改写题目： 1) 加上常用句型: There is much controversy over whether to send criminals to jail or to let them receive education or job training．

2) 改变句子成分的顺序: Some people think that to send criminals to jail is better than to let them receive education or job training．

3) 改变句子成分: Some people think that imprisonment is better than education or job training in

treating criminals． 个人立场表达

在讨论类和观点类文章中，第三句话有两种写法：一种是阐明自己的立场；另一种是不阐明自己的立场，而只是简单说文章会讨论什么内容。

真题9：Children in secondary school study international news as a subject，but some think that‟s a waste of time．Do you agree or disagree? (题目大意：中学生将国际新闻作为一个科目学习，但是一些人觉得这是浪费时间。讨论正反两种观点，并给出你的意见。)

题目讨论的是国际新闻(international news)，那么背景句可以是：International news represents one of the main sources of information from which we discover what is happening around the world．改写题目后的句子(即首段第二句)：However，when it comes to including it in the curriculum at secondary school，there is an ongoing debate．

第三句话的写法：阐明自己的立场(也就是具体支持或者反对哪一方面)。

或者支持：My personal view is that studying international news is of benefits to students．(我个人的观点是，学习国际新闻对学生有莫大的好处。)

或者反对：I am not convinced that it is necessary．(我不认为这是必要的。)

注意：尽管在首段第三句话表明自己是支持的立场，在主体段落部分，烤鸭们仍然可以讨论缺点。 6.3.2.2 问题类题目的开头段

问题类题目和其他两类题目的不同主要在于：问题类题目不是针对问题的争议性，而是针对问题的产生原因和解决方法。因此，虽然背景句和其他两类题目差不多，但第二和第三句有很大的不同。

真题10：What are the causes and solutions of the problem of the scarcity of water resource?(题目大意：水资源缺乏的主要原因和解决方法是什么?)

题目讨论的是水资源缺乏(water shortage)，那么可以围绕这个词组写一个背景句：Water shortage is one of the most challenging issues to address in many countries．(水资源的缺乏在很多国家是有待解决的最具挑战性的事情之一。)

然后改写题目：不要说有人争议水资源缺乏的问题，而是直接关注它的原因：There are some factors leading to this problem．(有一些因素导致了这个问题。)

最后一句话说清楚文章要讨论的内容：Some of the most common factors will be discussed below，followed by some responsible solutions．(下文将讨论一些最常见的因素，并提出一些有效的解决方法。)

6.3.2.3 雅思作文开头模板式写法：四大模板式写法（---Abby阿布四剑式）

第一大模板法：①引题 + ②一方观点+另一方观点 + ③我方观点 ①引题：九大引题方法

一：①在谈到……时，人们对于这个充满争议的话题所持的观点各不相同。

① When talking about （/it comes to /it refers to) _____, people‟s opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue.

二：①最近经常辩论的一个问题是……

① A much debated issue these days is whether ……

① There is a public (/general) debate (/discussion/ controversy) today (/nowadays) on (/about/ over/ as to) the problem (/issue) of ……

三：①最近……的问题已经引起了人们广泛的争议。 ① Recently the problem （/issue）of _____ + has drawn (/aroused) public (/worldwide) attention.

+ has caused (/aroused) wide (/general/ considerable/ international) concern.

+ has arisen (/loomed up/ cropped up) as controversial (/as noteworthy/ more distinctly for settlement). 四：①近来……的问题已经广为天下人所知。

① Recently the issue (/problem) of ……has been in the limelight (/brought into focus/ brought to public attention/ posed among the general public).

五：①在过去的……年里，很多城市面临了……的严重问题。

① In recent (/ the past ……) years, many cities (/nations/ people) have been faced with (/plagued with/ troubled with/ experienced/ witnessed/ undergone) the (/a/an) serious problem of (/acute shortage of/ alarming increase in) ……

六：①如今我们国家面临的最为紧迫的任务之一是……

① One of the burning (/pressing/interesting) problems facing (/confronting/ troubling) our nation (/society/ world/ community) today is that …… 七：①现在很多人谈论的最热门的话题之一是……

① One of the biggest issues （/ hottest topics/ most popular things/ most serious problems） many people talk (/complain) about now is …… 八：①随着……

① With the rapid (/marked/ amazing) development (/increase/improvement/expansion/growth/ decline) of __,

① With the general (/growing/ common) recognition (/realization/ acknowledgement) of _____, ① With the general (/growing/ common) commitment (/devotion/ dedication) to_____, ① With the general (/growing/ common) interest in (/concern over/ enthusiasm for) _____, ① With _____ playing an increasingly big role in _____, a growing number of _____. ① With _____ attaching much importance to _____, an increasing number of _____. 九：①如今有一种……趋势。

① Nowadays (Currently/ Recently), there is a growing (/ unhealthy) tendency to (/in/ that) ……

②一方观点 + 另一方观点：两大表述方法 一：②一些人认为……，另一些人认为……。

② The vast (/ overwhelming) majority of people say (/ think/ believe/ maintain/ hold) that ……, while other people （/others） claim (/argue/ insist/ contend/ proclaim) that …….

② Most (/ Many/ Quite a few/ Some) people say (/think/ believe/ maintain/ hold) that ……, but other people (/others) claim (/argue/ insist/ contend/ proclaim) that …….

② The vast (/overwhelming) majority of people say (/think/ believe/ maintain/ hold) that ……, but others view quite differently (but others think a bit differently/ but others think that the opposite is true). They argue (/claim/ contend/ proclaim) that …….

② The overwhelming majority would support that _____; others, however, take the negative attitude. 二：②反对者认为……，拥护者认为……。

② Those who criticize (oppose/ object to) ……argue (/contend) that ……. They believe that ……, but people who advocate (/favor) ……, on the other hand, maintain (/assert/ proclaim) that …….

③ 我方观点：十大表述法 就我个人而言，我认为……。 ③ To my mind (/In my opinion), …….

③ However, I firmly believe (/ hold/ maintain) …….

③ However, it is my firmly (/unswervingly /consistently） held view that ……. ③ From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.

③ Personally, I am in favor of (/support) the view (/idea/ opinion/ argument) that ……. ③ Personally, I would prefer …….

③ For my part, I would choose to …….

③ As far as I am concerned, this proposal seems ……. ③ To be frank, I would like to support …….

③ After considering (/pondering) the issue, I hold (/ maintain/ believe) ……. agree/ disagree 型加入：我同意/不同意前/后者的观点，我认为……。 ③ I agree/ disagree with the former/ latter. I hold (/maintain/ believe) that ……. ③ I approve/ disapprove of the former/ latter idea. I hold (/maintain/ believe) that ……. ③ I am (not ) in favor of the former/ latter idea. I hold (/maintain/ believe) that ……. ③I disagree with this point of view for the following …… reasons. 变体一：②一方观点+另一方观点 + ③我方观点 变体二：①引题 + ③我方观点

第二大模板法：④流行观点(七大表述法) + ③我方观点 一：④如今人们普遍认为……，他们说……。③我方观点。

④ Now, it is commonly (/generally/ widely) believed (/thought/ held/ accepted/ felt/ recognized/ acknowledged) that ……. They claim (believe/ argue) that ……. ③.

二：④如今经常听到的一种批评声音是……。他们说……。③我不同意这种观点，原因如下。

④ A criticism often heard these days is that ……. They say that ……. ③I disagree with this point of view for the following …… reasons. 三：④对于公众来说……。③我方观点。

④ To the general public (/To most people/ To the popular mind/ In most people‟s opinion), ……. ③. 四：④关于这个问题，多数人说……。③我方观点。

④ In response (/reaction/ answer) to the event (/ phenomenon/ idea/ question), the majority of people say (/ think) ……. ③.

五：④……是目前流行的……的做法。③我方观点。

④ ……is a popular (/ widespread/ common) method (/ way) of ……③. 六：④近来我们一直听到关于……的说法。他们说……。③我方观点。

④ These days we often hear about ……. They claim (/ argue/ say) that ……. ③. 七：④我们经常听说……。③我方观点。

④ We are often shown (/ told) these days that ……. ③.

第三大模板法：①引题 + ④流行观点 +⑤提出质疑（四大质疑法） 一：①引题。④流行观点。⑤但是他们没有意识到……。 ①. ④. ⑤But do they realize……?

二：①引题。④流行观点。⑤但是这种做法明智么？越来越多的人对此表示质疑。

①. ④. ⑤ but is it a fair (/ wise/ reasonable) one? This method (/ way) is now being questioned (/ challenged) by more and more people.

三：①引题。④流行观点。⑤但是果真如此吗？仔细分析一下，就证明这种观点站不住脚。

①. ④. ⑤But is it true? Close examination (/analysis/ scrutiny) doesn‟t bear out(证实) the claim (/argument).

四：①引题。④流行观点。⑤但是情况果真如此吗？ ①. ④. ⑤But is this really the case?

第四大模板法：①引题 + ⑥让步转折句：五大让步转折法 一：①引题。⑥的确……，不过……。 ①. ⑥ It is true that ……, but ……. 二：①引题。⑥似乎……，不过……。 ①. ⑥ It seems that ……, but …….

三：①引题。⑥不可否认的是……，不过……。 ①. ⑥ It is undeniable that ……, but ……. ①. ⑥ Undeniably, ……, but …….

四：①引题。⑥但是尽管……，几乎没有证据证明……。

①. ⑥ But although (/Admittedly,) ……, there is no (/little) evidence.

①. ⑥ But although(/Admittedly,) ……, it is questioned (/doubted) that ……. 五：①引题。⑥但是尽管……，我还是认为……。 ①. ⑥ Although ……, I believe one should …….

6.3.3中间段拓展

中间主体段落是考官评分的主要部分，也是最能体现出烤鸭们水平的部分。一般来说，高分文章要符

合4C标准，即：

•Correctness(正确性)：用词和用句要准确，拼写没有错误。

•Coherence&consistency(一致性)：前后论述一致，逻辑性好，避免跳跃性思维。 •Cogency(说服性)：观点要有力度，要对应题目。

•Conciseness(简洁性)：句子结构不宜复杂，要清晰地表明观点。

中心段结构：

Topic sentence(one sentence only)：highlight the central point of this paragraph，serve to support an argument．

中心句(只写一句)：突出段落的中心思想，用来支持一个论点。

Supporting sentences：sentences for the extension，explanation and justification of the topic sentence (3 sentences if the main body is composed of 3 paragraphs，and 4 to 5 sentences if 2 paragraphs)． 支持句：拓展、解释和论证中心句的句子(如果主体部分由三段组成，每段要写三句；如果主体部分由两段组成，每段要写四到五句)。 主体部分写作三个要点，分别是： •写什么观点? •怎么写中心句? •怎么支持中心句?

我们用一个关于广告的题目来阐述对这三个要点的处理：

真题11：Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?(题目大意：广告的正面效应是否大于它的负面效应?)

首先，要构思好主体部分的三个观点。遇到这两种题目时，可以从下面一些角度去寻找观点： 八大论证角度

•经济角度：社会的经济利益，经济发展，发展经济的契机，等等。

•科技角度：科技发展带来的机遇和危机，工业生产，高科技设备，媒体，电脑，自动化，数字化，等等。

•社会角度：社会的整体良性发展，环境问题，社区安全，执法系统，卫生情况，医疗建设，公共设施，文化艺术，旅游观光，城市风貌，等等。

•公众角度：公众利益，个人的利益和便利(衣食住行)，等等。

•社会能力和工作能力：年轻人在社会上的生存能力，交际能力，交流能力，实践能力，工作能力，等

等。

•学校表现和学习能力：学生在理论知识方面的掌握和学习能力的提高，学校的课程安排、设施配置、教学方法和社会要求的接轨，重视理论还是实践，教学质量，课堂气氛，教师素质，教学方法的革新，等等。

•性格和情感的健康：学生是否有健康的业余爱好和课后活动，性格是否开朗和积极，行为是否端正；中小学生在社会上遇到的问题，暴力，色情，媒体，社区安全，犯罪率的上升；家庭背景，父母教育，对儿女行为的约束，家庭暴力，家庭问题，单亲家庭，家庭的贫困问题，父母行为对子女的影响，等等。

•身体健康：学生是否参与体育活动，养成好的生活习惯；常见的问题是青少年过分使用电脑，不注意体育锻炼，生活习惯不好，等等。

广告属于社会问题，应该属于社会类题目，可以从经济、科技、社会和公众角度去考虑。因此，与广告相关的观点大致如下：

经济角度：广告宣传产品，促进消费，推动经济。

公众角度一：广告让消费者了解商品信息，比较商品优点和缺点，购买到比较适合自己的产品。 公众角度二：广告有时会夸大其词，误导消费者，让消费者购买自己并不需要的产品。 此时，需要注意两点：

1．一般来说，最有说服力的观点应放在第一段，第二段的观点次之，第三段的观点最弱。因此，广告对公众的好处应该比对经济的好处更有说服力。原因非常简单：一个消费者衡量广告好坏的时候不会去考虑自己花钱是不是对经济有影响。

2．观点不要“标新立异”。最常见的观点往往是最安全和最有说服力的。如果烤鸭们表达一个鲜见的观点，那么就需要有很好的语言能力去清楚地解释此观点；如果解释不清楚，就会导致丢分。 综上，我们可以把三个观点写成三个中心句，分别是：

1．One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products．(主体部分第一段：广告的一个主要功能是帮助消费者找到并购买合适的产品。)

2．Meanwhile，advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development．(主体部分第二段：同时，广告可以刺激消费，对经济发展作出贡献。)

3．Despite its importance，there is no denying that every now and then，advertising leads consumers into an impulsive purchase，thereby causing wasteful spending．(主体部分第三段：尽管广告如此重要，但无可置疑的是，有时广告会误导消费者乱买东西，从而导致浪费。)

每一个中心句还应有三到四句支持句。这对大部分烤鸭们来说是最为困难的一部分。一般来说，解决该问题有六大方法（---Abby阿布三E二C一S六脉神剑），分别是：

•Explanation (解释和说明)：解释和说明中心句的意思或原因。

•Extension (延伸中心句并阐述影响)：将中心句或将解释中心句的句子拓展一下，阐述它的影响。

•Examples (举例)：在需要的时候，举例说明，有助于更加形象地叙述事情。 •Sorting (分类)：当一个中心句有几个分论点支持时，可以将论点分类说明。

•Counterevidence(反证法)：实在无话可说时怎么办？从反面论证。比如论述A事物的好处时，可以描述没有A事物带来的坏处。

•Contrasting (对比) /Analogy（类比）：如果A事物很难论述，可以论述B事物，然后揭示出A与B的相似性或对立性。这是实在无法落笔时特别有用。比如论述教育的作用时，可以用一个人带上眼睛的前后来类比教育对一个人的影响。

烤鸭们可以有选择地使用以上六大方法（---Abby阿布三E二C一S六脉神剑），也可以在一个句子当中结合使用，而不必遵从上面的顺序。接下来，我们继续用上面广告的题目来示范，完成每一个段落。 0ne of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products． (主体部分第一段中心句)

第一句：Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information relating to a product or service by a variety of media, such as television, radio，newspapers，magazines，brochures，and so forth．(大意：广告就是通过不同的媒体，比如电视、收音机、报纸、杂志、小册子，诸如此类，发布有关产品或者服务的信息。)——这一句话用的是explanation和examples，即解释中心句意思和举例的方法，来解释广告一般借助什么媒体。)

第二句：With the presence of advertising，a consumer is able to acquire the latest information in the market such as properties of a product or service，and thereby make a wiser buying decision. (大意：有了广告的存在，消费者可以获得市场最新的信息，包括产品或者服务的特点，由此作出更明智的购买决定。)——这一句话用extension(延伸)的方法阐述广告所具备的作用；用examples(举例)的方法来解释广告可以给消费者提供什么重要信息。

第三句： By contrast, without advertising，a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs，because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market．(大意：相对而言，如果没有广告的话，消费者因缺乏对市场上更好产品的认识，有可能购买一件不能够满足自己需要的产品。)——这一句话用的是counterevidence (反证)的手法，阐述如果没有广告消费者会受到的影响。

下面开始写第二段：

Meanwhile，advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic

development．(主体部分第二段中心句)

第一句：As said before，advertising is responsible to introduce a product，but in reality，it does more than that．(大意：正如上面所提过的，广告的责任在于介绍一个产品，然而事实上，它的作用远远不只这些。)——这一句话用的是explanation，即解释中心句意思的方法。

第二句、第三句Advertising describes a product in such an impressive way and with adding so many visual appeals that it always succeeds in attracting the eye of the audience and driving them into a final purchase．Besides，advertising reminds intended customers of their existing needs or creates fresh needs，keeping them aware that only by purchasing a product can their needs be met．(大意：广告用给人印象深刻的方法描述产品，并增添许多视觉上的吸引，以至于它经常可以成功地吸引消费者的视线，驱使他们购买产品。此外，广告还提醒目标顾客他们现在的需要或者产生新的需要，让他们意识到只有购买某一产品，他们的需要才能得到满足。)——这一句话用的是sorting，即分类的方法，说明广告因为两个不同的原因而促使人们消费。

第四句：By these two approaches，advertising encourages spending and contributes to economic development．(大意：通过这两种途径，广告带动消费并促进经济发展。)——这一句话用的是extension，即扩展的方法，解释广告对经济带来的影响。 到目前为止，第二段话就写完了。

下面开始写第三段：

Despite its importance，there is no denying that every now and then，advertising leads consumers into an impulsive purchase，thereby causing wasteful spending．(主体部分第三段中心句)

第一句：It is a shared convention in the advertising industry that some properties of a product are highlighted while the others are simplified．(大意：广告业有一个共同的特性，即突出产品的一些特性，而对其他特性轻描淡写。)——这一句话用的是explanation(解释)的方法，解释广告误导的性质。 第二句：A product，when promoted well，will be highly desired by many，as customers are misguided to ignore the product‟s downsides．(大意：一个产品，当推广好的时候，会受到很多人的欢迎，因为顾客已经被误导而忽视了产品的缺点。)——这一句话用的是extension，即扩展的方法，说明广告误导所产生的影响。

第三句：It accounts for why many shoppers regret their buying decisions before long，observing that what they have brought is not what they actually need or fails to live up to their expectations． (大意：这解释了为什么很多购物者很快为他们的购买决定感到后悔，发现他们买的不是他们真正想要的，或者和他们的期望不相符。)——这一句话用的是extension和explanation，即扩展和解释的方法，说明广告误导所产

生的影响。

第四句：Cosmetics and dietary supplements are among those standard examples，costing individual buyers a lot but not achieving desirable outcomes．(大意：化妆品和营养品是其中一些典型的例子，购买者花了很多钱却不能够达到满意的效果。)——这一句话用的是examples，即举例的方法，举出一些典型的产品，解释广告给消费者带来的损失。

正文段五大功能段落 一：原因分析

1. The most obvious reason for this phenomenon is that ______. Consequently, ______. Another special consideration in this case is that_____. Besides, we should not neglect that _____.

导致这一现象最明显的原因是_____，因此，_____。 对这个问题的另一考虑是_____。除此之外，我们还不能忽视_____。

2. No matter you like it or not, _____ has become more and more popular and there are many reasons for it. The main reason that can be seen by everyone is that _____. But the problem is not so simple, therefore another factor we must consider is that _____. What is also worth noticing is that_____. 无论你是否喜欢，____越来越流行。这是有很多原因的。每个人都注意到，最主要的原因是_____。然而问题并非如此简单，因此我们必须考虑的另一因素是_____。另一个值得注意的是_____。

3. Among countless factors which influence _____, there are several conspicuous aspects as follows. _____ should be put in the first place. Moreover, _______. Perhaps another reason should not be ignored, that is _______.

在影响_____的众多因素中，有如下一些显而易见的因素。_____应放在首要位置。其次_____。还有一个原因不应该被忽略，即_____。 二：问题解决

1. It‟s an urgent task for us to change this unfavorable situation. A great number of solutions are being offered. Some people suggest that ______. Others argue that _____. There is certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem _____. Though we are in basic agreement with _____, what seems to be the trouble is _____.

改变这种不良状况是一项紧迫任务。有很多解决方案，一些人认为_____，另一些人坚持_____。尽管大量事实如此，但我们还有一个疑问_____。虽然基本上我们同意_____，似乎困难是在_____。

2. Although it is affected by many factors, there are certain ways that can make the situation better. The most import is ______. Another way is ______. Still another one is ______.

尽管受很多因素影响，仍然可以通过特定方式来改进这种状况。最重要的是…，另一方法是…,还有一个是… 三：利弊分析

1. However, _____ serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the inferiorities of _____ coexist with its superiority.

然而，_____是一把双刃剑，劣势和优势并存。

2. ______ is superior in several ways, of which perhaps the most fundamental is that _____. _____ 的优势有几方面，最基本的是_____。

3. Although A has a great advantage of ______, it can‟t compete with B in _____. 尽管A有_____优势，它不能与B在_____方面匹敌。

4. _____ may be preferable to A, but A suffers from the disadvantages that ______. _____也许倾向于A，但A的缺点是_____。 四：例证功能

1. History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point. A notable case in point relates to _____ in the realm of _____.

历史中充斥着这样的例子。一个典型的例子是关于_____的。 2. One telling historical example involves _____ in the field of _____. 一个明显的历史性例子是_____。

3. While such cases are rare, they do occur occassionally. A case in point relates to _____. 尽管少见，这样的例子仍然存在。一个例子是_____。

4. 个人例子缺少说服力，可以补充：这一事件在社会上并不鲜见，因为它已经受到公众的广泛关注。This incident is not unique in society, because it has stired up wide public concern. 五：影响分析 1.

Undoubtedly,

_____

will

give

rise

to

a

multitude

of

profound

(/significant/positive/debasing/negative/harmful) effects on _____ for the foreseeable future. 毫无疑问，___将对___产生深远影响。

2. _____ leaves much to be desired. ___还有许多有待改进之处。 3. _____ pose a great threat to _____. …对…带来了很大的威胁。

4. _____ and _____ are closely related to one another. …和…紧密联系在一起。

举例的注意事项：

很多烤鸭们喜欢在论述中采用举例的方法。然而，有四种例子是不应该或者不适合出现在雅思文章当中的。 1．数据

弊端一：数据有捏造的嫌疑(考场上烤鸭们从什么地方获得数据?)。

弊端二：引用数据在正式文体中都需要注明出处，很明显，烤鸭们做不到这一点。 解决方法是将数据去掉，用比较含糊的表达法：

例6-1：Recent studies indicate that the moisture content of the atmosphere is 10 per cent higher today than it was 20 years ago．(最近研究表明，现在的空气湿度比二十年前高10％。)

改正：The moisture content of the atmosphere has appeared to be higher today than it was 20 years ago．(大气中的水分含量现在看起来比二十年前的高。)

例6-2：The number of people smoking has increased to as high as 65 per cent in China．(中国抽烟的人数已经上升到高达65个百分比。)

改正：The number of people smoking has increased at an alarming rate in China．(中国抽烟的人数正在以令人担忧的速度上升。)

例6-3：Eighty per cent of smokers begins early in life．(百分之八十的抽烟者很年轻的时候就开始抽烟。) 改正：Most smokers begin early in life．(大部分的抽烟者年纪很轻的时候就开始抽烟。) 2．自己或者朋友的生活经历

弊端一：个人不代表整体，缺乏说服力。 弊端二：第一人称的使用会削弱文章的正式性。

解决方法是把个人写成整体，把个别的事件写成普遍的现象：

例6-4：I used to indulge in computer games，which directly led to my school failure．(我曾经沉迷于电脑游戏，这直接导致了我学业上的失败。)

改正：Children who have been indulging in computer games seem to have a higher likelihood of school failure．(迷上电脑游戏的孩子看起来很容易荒废学业。)

例6-5：Kevin，a friend of mine，smoked a lot and finally died of cancer．(我的一个朋友Kevin，抽烟很多，最后死于癌症。)

改正：Heavy smokers are more likely to die of cancer or other diseases than non-smokers．(抽烟成瘾的人比不抽烟的人更容易死于癌症或其他疾病。)

例6-6：My father spent much of his lifetime working for the same company and was granted many rewards．(我父亲大半辈子都为同一家公司工作，得到了很多回报。)

改正：Working for the same company throughout one‟s career will enable him or her to gain many rewards．(在整个职业生涯中为同一家公司工作会让一个人获得很多回报。) 3．报纸关于一个事件的报道。或者一项调查研究 弊端一：个体不代表整体，缺乏说服力。 弊端二：有捏造的嫌疑。

解决方法是把个体写成整体，把个别的事件写成普遍的现象：

例6-7：I read a news report days ago describing how a single parent struggles．(几天前，我看了一个描述单亲家庭如何辛苦谋生的新闻报道。)

改正：There are many reports describing single parents‟ struggle to survive．(有很多关于单亲父母如何辛苦谋生的报道。)

例6-8：A survey indicates that family background plays a part in one‟s life development．(一项调查显示，家庭背景在一个人的成长中占据很重要的角色。)

改正：There is much evidence to show that family background plays a part in one‟s life development．(大量证据表明家庭背景在一个人的成长中起着重要的作用。) 4．中国式的例子

弊端一：一个国家不代表整体，缺乏说服力。 弊端二：过分使用一个国家的例子，会引起考官反感。

解决方法是，要么把中国当作一个特例，要么把中国的情况写成很多国家的情况：

例6-9：Many factories in China dispose industrial waste without any preliminary treatment．(中国很多的工厂对废弃物不做任何出厂处理就直接排放。)

改正：Many factories around the world，especially those in developing countries，dispose industrial waste without any preliminary treatment．(世界上很多工厂，特别是发展中国家的工厂，在对废弃物不做任何出厂处理的情况下，就直接排放。)

例6-10：Many children in China have been spoilt by their parents and misbehaved．(很多中国小孩是在父母的溺爱中成长起来的，他们的行为习惯不够好。)

改正：Children who misbehave are normally those who have been spoilt by their parents．(行为不好的往往是那些被父母宠坏的小孩。)

注意：举例是一种常用的论述手段，特别是在论述一些比较抽象的话题的时候(如文化、艺术等)。然而，

并非每个段落都需要举例，举例过多或者不够恰当可能会影响文章的正式性。

6.3.3 结尾段写法

结论段一般要求简洁。很多国内的雅思书籍喜欢写一个很长的句子来引出结论，这是华而不实的，并且有可能引起考官的反感。剑桥雅思考试中心非常明确地指出，结论应用简单的连接词(connectors)来表明。因此，在结论段的连接上花太多的心思是没有必要的。

写结论段时另外一个需要注意的问题是不要引入新的内容，也不要发起号召或者抒情和感慨，这是中西方议论文之间的显著差异。西方议论文比较古板和严肃，因此只需做到三点即可： 1．重新总结主体部分讨论过的要点； 2．重新阐述你的立场和观点；

3．不要加入新的内容，尤其是主体部分没有讨论过的内容。

写结论段的时候，很多烤鸭们在考场上可能没有足够的时间去重新浏览主体部分的观点。此时，烤鸭们可以迅速浏览一下主体部分三段话的中心句，然后将三个中心句总结一下，这就是结论段。以真题11：Do the positive effects of the advertising outweigh its negative effects?的广告范文为例，其结论可以是主体部分三个中心句的简单概括和改写。 三个中心句：

1．One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products． 2．Meanwhile，advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development． 3．Despite its importance，there is no denying that every now and then，advertising leads consumers into an impulsive purchase，thereby causing wasteful spending． 结论：

In conclusion，advertising plays an essential role in society，not only making consumers well-informed buyers but also fostering economic development．However，consumers should beware of the misleading nature of advertising．

结尾段首句常用句式 In a word... 总而言之... To sum up... 总而言之... In conclusion... 由此得出结论...

On account of this, we can find that... 由此我们可以知道... The result depends on... 结果视...而定

Thus, this is the reason why we must... 因此，这就是我们为什么必须...

Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we may predict that _____. 权衡利弊，可以预测… From what I have discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that _____. 综上所述，可得出结论…

6.4 大作文常用表达

常用连词  表示层进：

第一层进关系：first, firstly, to begin with, in the first place, to start with

第二层进关系：second, secondly, also, then, equally, important, besides, in addition, further, next, too,

moreover, simultaneously, meanwhile

第三层进关系：third, thirdly, what‟s more, still 最后层进关系：last but not the least, finally, in the end

 表示举例：for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, after all, such as, including, to

take…as an example, a case in point

 表示解释：as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely, in other words, in fact, indeed,

in particular, to put it differently

 表示总结：in summary, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, to conclude, in all, that is, to summarize,

thus, as has been said, finally, on the whole, therefore to sum up, on account of

 表示强调：of course, indeed, above all, what‟s more important, certainly, in fact

 表示让步：still, nevertheless, in spite of, all the same, even so, after all, despite the fact that,

admittedly

 表示比较：in comparision, likewise, similarly, equally, however, in the same way, conversely,

whereas, alternatively, instead

 表示转折：by contrast, although, but, in contrast, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on

the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still, though, yet, even so, even though, however, in spite of, instead

 表示时间：after a while, afterward, again, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides,

earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly,

simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until, until now, when

 表示原因：since, as, so, because of, due to, owing to, the reason why, in other words, leads to,

cause, as a result, thus, therefore, consequently, it follows that, thereby, eventually, then, in that case,



十六大常用表达法  一：提出观点

1) Now there is a growing awareness that … 2) It is time we explore the truth of …

3) Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.  二：进一步提出观点

1) …but that is only part of the history. 2) Another equally important aspect is … 3) A is but one of the many effects. Another is … 4) Besides, other reasons are …  三：提出假想例子 1) Suppose that …

2) Just imagine what would happen if … 3) It is reasonable to expect … 4) It is not surprising that …  四：举普通例子

1) For example/For instance, … 2) … such as A, B, C and so on/so forth. 3) A good case in point is … 4) A particular example for this is …  五：表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．．

6）We have good reason to believe that．．．

7) Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves _____. 8) Part of the explanation is _____. 例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people‟s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：如烤鸭们写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。  六：表示好处

1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us． 5）It is of great benefit to us． 例如：

Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．  七：表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmful to us． 例如：

However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．

 八：表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（/necessary/difficult/convenient/possible）for sb．to do _____. 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life． 例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere, whether in the government, in schools or in business. Soon, computers will be found in every home, too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.  九：表示措施

1）We should spare no efforts to do _____.

2）We should try our best to overcome（/conquer）the difficulties. 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth.

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with. 例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious. Therefore，we should spare no efforts to solve it.  十：表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world‟s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 4) _____ has witnessed (/experienced/saw) great changes in _____. 例如：

Some changes have taken place in people‟s diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays, more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein, and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.  十一：表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that _____. 2）No one can deny the fact that _____. 3）There is no denying the fact that _____. 4）It is indisputable that _____.

5）However，that‟s not the case. 例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution. To solve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．  十二：表示比较

1）Compared with A, B _____. 2）I prefer to _____ rather than _____.

3）There is a striking contrast between _____ and _____.

4）The advantages for _____ outweigh the disadvantages of _____. 5) Although _____, _____enjoys a distinct advantage.

6) Indeed, A carries much weight than B when _____ is concerned. 7) A maybe _____, but it suffers from the disadvantage that _____. 例如：

Compared with cars, bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly, they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least, they contribute to people‟s health by giving them due physical exercise.  十三：表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from _____ to _____.

2）The population in this city has now increased （/decreased）to 800,000.

3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January． 例如：

With the improvement of the living standard, the proportion of people‟s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.  十四：表示看法

1）People have（/take/adopt/assume）different attitudes towards sth. 2）People have/take different opinions/views on this problem． 3）Some people believe that _____. Others argue that _____. 例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However, others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 再如：

Do “lucky numbers” really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it． 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，烤鸭们应掌握这一写作方法。  十五：承上启下

1) To understand the truth of _____, it is also important to explore _____. 2) A study of _____ will make this point clear.  十六：表示让步

1) Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as _____. 2) I do not deny that _____ has its own merits.

6.5 大作文常用句式

开头引言段

1. at present/ currently/ lately/ recently/ nowadays/ these years/ in the past several decades/ over the last several years

2. at the turn of the century

3. Thanks to China‟s reform and opening-up policy, … has witnessed great economic and social progress in the past three decades.

4. With the (rapid, marked, amazing, eye-catching, remarkable, fantastic) development/ progress/ growth/ advance/ improvement of economy/ society/ industry/ living standard, great changes have taken place in …

5. At the mercy of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology, there are rapid changes in all aspects of our everyday lives.

6. With the arrival/ advent of the invention of …/ the information age/ the 21st century/ the economy age, 7. We are now entering a brand new era. The 21st century is a time of advanced scientific and technological knowledge.

8. The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history. We have just crossed the threshold of the 21st century and the curtain of the new millennium is slowly rising.

9. We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges.

10. With the increasingly rapid economic globalisation and urbanisation, more problems are brought to our attention.

11. As … develops, …

12. Along with the development of …, more and more …

13. In the past few years, there has been a sharp growth/ boom/ decline in …

14. With the steady growth in the country‟s economy as well as the people‟s living standard,

15. While the rhythm/ pace/ tempo of people‟s living is speeding up, a lot of changes have taken place in …

16. With the fantastic spur both in industry and in economy in China, the number of … is on the rise. 17. As living tempo/ pace quickens, …

18. It is commonly believed that the rise in … is the inevitable result of economic development. 19. In recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in …

20. The issue of whether we should … has been widely debated in our community recently. It is an important issue because it concerns fundamental moral and economic questions about the way we … A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. This essay will consider arguments for … and point to some of the problems with these views. It will then put forward reasons for the …

21. Nowadays more and more people begin to realize/ be aware of/ notice the importance/ significance/ seriousness of the problem of education/ pollution/ umemployment.

22. We often find ourselves caught/ involved in a dilemma whether we should reach for the bear‟s paw or for the shark‟s fin …

23. There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for …

24.Recently the issue/ problem of … has been in the limelight/ brought into focus/ brought to public attention/ concern

25. A recent report released by the government has caused nationwide repercussions. 26. Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern

27. One of the ( universal/ pressing/ burning/ urgent) problems/ issues we are faced with (confronting us ) is that …

28. Recently the problem/ issue/ conflict has become the focus/ concern of the public.

29. There is a ( public/ general/ heated/ impassioned ) debate/ discussion/ controversy today/ nowadays as to / over/ on / concerning the issue/ problem of … Those who criticize/ oppose/ object to … contend/ argue that … They believe that … But people who advocate/ favor/ are for …, on the other hand, maintain/ assert that …

30. A public debate has arisen as to the phenomenon of …

31. Recently, there is a vehement discussion on the issue of … Those who criticize … argue that …They claim that … But people who firmly advocate …, on the other hand, argue that … 32. There is a long-running debate as to whether…

33. It is undeniable that … has become the biggest concern of the present-day world.

34. Now it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ held/ accepted/ recognized that … They claim/ argue/ hold that … But I wonder/ doubt whether it …

35. According to a(n) survey/ investigation/ analysis/ statistics/ report released/ conducted/ made by …, there is a growing/ increasing/ declining number of … who/ which …

36. Once in a newspaper/ magazine, I hit upon ( came across) a/ the report that…

37. Which is a better choice A, or B? Different people have different answers due to their respective point of view. However, I side with the opinion that A is far better than B, for several reasons addressed below.

38. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country, with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely.

39. The discussion about whether or not … is a very controversial one. There are people on both sides of the argument who have very strong feelings.

40. Those who criticize/ oppose/ object to/ are against … contend/ argue/ hold that … But people who advocate/ favor/ are for …, on the other hand, maintain/ assert/ claim that …

41. Some argue/ hold that …, but others set forth a totally different argument about the issue of … 42. Of course, there are a larger amount of arguments which may be advanced in defense of … 43. Some people say that …, other people suggest that … But I can hardly share this point of view for several reasons.

44. Some people place more stress in the former while others attach heavier weight to the latter. If asked to make a choice between the two, I would not hesitate to choose the latter over the former for several sound reasons.

45. Some people advocate that … They claim that … My opinion is identical with theirs. 46. Personally, I side with the former/ latter opinion. 47. I am of the opinion that priority should be given to … 48. Personally, I stand on the side of …

49. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the opinion that … 50. For my part, I completely agree with the former/ latter.

51. To be frank/ To tell the truth, I should second the former/ latter attitude/ position in preference to the latter/ former.

52. People from different backgrounds, however, put different interpretations on the same thing. 53. Views on the issue in question vary from person to person/ vary widely. 54. People rarely reach an absolute consensus on a controversial issue. 55. People‟s views, however, are divergent on the matter in question. 56. The other side of the coin has voiced strong opposition saying that … 57. Some people are of the opinion that … 58. Some people hold the belief/ view that …

59. Many people have the idea that … However, many others disagree that … Both sides of the question of whether …are well supported by sound reasons.

60. To some people‟s mind/ From some people‟s point of view, there are several advantages in/ of … The first advantage is that …

61. I fully agree with the statement that … The reasons are chiefly as follows:

62. As to me, I am in favor of the first/ second view. There are many reasons for my inclination, but the following ones are most important.

63. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument on both sides.

正文段

1) From sth.(/what one has done), he can derive profits (/will well deserve punishments) as follows. 从其所做来看，他可以得到如下好处（他将受到如下的惩罚）：

e.g. From his great inventions in many fields, man has well deserved punishments as follows. 就其很多领域的重大发明而言，人类将会受到如下的惩罚。

2) Sth., if made the best (/ the worst) of, will bring some distinct advantages (/disadvantages) to our social development (/one's growth). 如果得到充分利用/弄砸了，某事物将给社会发展/为一个人的成长带来很大的好处/坏处。

e.g. Stock markets, if made the best of, will bring some advantages to our social construction. 如果得到充分利用，股票市场将为社会建设带来一些的好处。

3) Sth. is expected to do a lot of benefit (/threat/ harm) to sb.(/sth. else.) 某事物可能对某人/另一事物有很大的好处/威胁/危害。

e.g. Cloning, as a new-born thing, is expected to do a lot of benefit to the human progress. 新产生的克隆技术可望对人类进步有很大的好处。

4) (Doing) sth. will enrich (/endanger/ influence) one's life in more than one aspect. （做）某事将不止在一个方面丰富/危害/影响一个人的生活。

e.g. Having one's head in the clouds sometimes can enrich a good teacher's teaching in more than one aspect. 想入非非有时能在多方面使教师的教学得以丰富。

5) Some good (/bad/unexpected) effects come of what we have done (/sth. done in...). 一些好的/坏的/出乎意料的结果是出于我们在…方面所做的事情。

e.g. Some good effects will certainly come of the efforts we have made in birth control. 一些好的方面将肯定是我们在控制生育上所做努力的结果。

6) There are several reasons (/causes/factors) for the changes (/increase/decline/growth) in _____. First, _____. Second, _____.…的变化/增加/下降/增长有几个方面的原因/因素。首先…，其次… e.g. There are probably a variety of reasons for the drastic changes in people's moral concepts. 人们道德观的剧烈变化可能有不同的原因。

7) The reasons (/causes/factors) for sth. are complex (/varied/profound). Some attribute it to _____. Others put it down to _____. Still others owe it to _____. 某事的原因/起因很复杂/不一/深刻。有些人归因于…，有些人归结为…，还有些人认为是…的结果。

e.g. The causes for the prevalence of living together are varied and complex. 流行住在一起的原因既不同又复杂。

8) The success (/failure/change/increase/decline) in _____ mainly (/largely) stems (/derives/results) from the factors as follows. One lies in _____. Another is found in _____. Still another consists in _____. 某事物的成功/失败/改变/增长/下降主要/大体上是由于以下的因素。一个是…，另一个是…，还有一个是… e.g. The rise in China's economy mainly derives from a number of factors/the factors as follows. 中国经济的崛起主要是由于以下的因素。

9) Why has (/did/is) _____? For one thing, _____. For another, _____. Perhaps the most fundamental (/adequate/competent) reason is _____. 为什么…？首先…；其次…；也许最根本的/最大的原因是… e.g. Why is there a growing drift toward power-seeking in society? 为什么社会越来越趋于追求权力？

10) It is no easy (/simple) task (/job) to furnish (/identify/find) every reason (/cause) for _____, but (/while) on the whole, three (/some) factors shout louder than others. (/weigh heavier than others./stand out from others.) 要提供/辨别/找到某事物的每一个原因并不简单，但总体上有三个/一些相对较为突出的因素。

e.g. It is no easy job to find every reason for the increase in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes, but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others. 要找到青少年离家出走人数增长的每一个原因并不容易，但总体上有两个因素较为突出。

11) In view of this situation (/drift/boom/social disorder/drastic change), people put forward (/advance/suggest/propose) two countermoves (/countermeasures): _____. 鉴于这种形势/（坏的）趋势/剧烈增长/不良社会秩序/剧烈的变化，人们提出了两个应对措施。

e.g. In view of this population boom in large cities, people have come up with two countermeasures: dispersal of city population and development of an underground city. 鉴于大城市人口的剧烈增长，人们提出了两个应对措施：分散城市人口以及发展地下城。

12) From the suggested solutions to _____ (/measures against _____ /plans for _____ /moves toward _____ /ideas on _____), two have begun to stand (/stick) out, namely, _____.对于…的建议解决办法/对

于针对…的措施/对于…的计划/对于…的提议/对于…的想法，其中有两个已开始突出，即… 

13) There are believed (/expected/supposed) to be two effective measures (/practical schemes/workable ideas/sound solutions), one of which is... 有人认为//可望/应该有两个有效的措施/可行的计划/可行的想法/可行的办法，其中一个是…

e.g. There are believed to two workable ideas on prevention of teenage pregnancy, one of which is the sex education of teenagers. 有人认为预防青少年怀孕有两个可行的主意，其中一个是对青少年进行性教育。

14) To promote (/suppress/cultivate/popularize/curb/enhance/root up) the issue in question, the public attention (/more stress/more emphasis) is placed (/put/focused) upon two proposals (/moves/measures/solutions): _____.为了改善/压制/培养/普及阻止/提高/消除该问题，公众的注意力/进一步的强调放在了/ 集中在两个提议/举措/措施/解决办法上：…

e.g. To root up the prostitution in our society, the public attention is focused on two solutions: a permanent ban against unhealthy recreations and a long -term moral education. 为了消除社会卖淫现象，公众的注意力集中在两个解决办法上：永久禁止不健康的娱乐和长期的道德教育。

15) When it comes to the comparison between A and B, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. 谈到A与B的比较，各有各的长处和短处。

e.g. When it comes to the comparison between travelling by car and travelling by train, each has advantages and disadvantages of its own. 谈到开车旅行和坐火车旅行的比较，各有各的长处和短处。

16) Ideas (/Views) on the issue in question vary from person to person (/vary widely). 对于讨论该问题的看法，人与人之间有差距。

e.g. Ideas on the way of reading vary from person to person. 对于阅读方式的看法，仁者见仁，智者见智。

17) As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different views (/positions/attitudes/stands) (或people's attitudes are quite opposite to each other.). 至于这是好事还是坏事，人们看法/立场/态度不一。（人们的态度互不相容）

e.g. As to whether birth of various associations on campus is a blessing or a curse, however, people

take different stands. 可是至于校园出现各种社团是好事还是坏事，人们立场不一。

18) People's views, however, are divergent on the matter in question.或：People are divided in opinion (/outlook/view) on the matter in question. 然而人们讨论这一问题的看法互有分歧。或：人们对此问题的观点不一。

e.g. People's views, however, are divergent on the newborn thing. 但是，人们对新生事物的看法有分歧。

19) People respond (/react) to _____ in the manners (/ways) opposite to each other. 人们对…的回应方式互相对立。

e.g. People respond to the stress in the manners opposite to each other. 人们对压力的反应方式互不相同。

20) Although people arrive at (/reach/achieve) the common understanding of _____, their views (/ideas) about its influence (/future/impact) on our life (/society) are at opposite poles. 尽管人们对某事达成了共识，但他们关于其影响/未来/对我们生活的影响看法不一。

e.g. Although people have arrived at the common understanding of China's achievement, their views about her future are at opposite poles. 尽管人们对中国的成就有共同的认识，但他们对中国的未来看法不一。

21) There are several (/a number of) reasons (/factors) for my choice of _____ (/pursuit of _____ /fondness for _____ /adaptability to _____ /concentration on _____ / advocacy of _____ /belief in _____ /my seeking to do _____ /my choosing to do _____). 我的选择/我对…的追求/对…的喜欢/适应…/专注于…/拥护…/相信…有几个方面的原因。（我寻求/选择做某事）

e.g. There are several reasons for my fondness for the sports. 我喜欢运动有几个方面的原因。

22) Among the factors that contribute to my achievement (/choice/struggle) _____, three (/a few) shout louder (/weigh more heavily/stand out). 在我的成就/选择/奋斗背后的因素当中，有三个/几个比较突出/比较重要。

e.g. Among the factors that contribute to my success in studies, three shout louder. 在我学习上成功的因素当中，有三个方面相对更为重要。

23) The reasons (/factors/causes) for my love of _____ (/interest in _____ /determination to do _____ /objection to _____) are varied and individual. 我喜欢…/对…感兴趣/决定做某事/反对某事有不同的个人的原因。

e.g. The reasons for my pursuit of the career are varied but individual. 我追求这一职业有不同的个人的原因。

24) A variety of (/Quite a few) factors have led me to do sth. 有相当多的因素致使我去做某事。 e.g. Quite a few factors have led me to form the habit of collecting stamps. 有相当多的因素致使我形成收集邮票的习惯。

25) My outlook on _____ (/choice of ______ /participation in _____ /devotion to _____) stems from (/derives from/results from) some (/several) chief factors. 我对…的看法/对…的选择/对…的参与/致力于…源于几个主要的因素。

e.g. My pleasant memory of my Chinese teacher stems from several chief factors. 我对中文老师美好的回忆源于几个主要的因素。

26) Our life (/history/society) abounds with (/is rich in/is full of) typical examples (/illustrations). 我们的生活/历史/社会中典型的事例俯拾即是。

27) Cases illustrative of this definition (/truth/theory/principle/mechanism/saying/proverb) are not rare to mention one by one (/are too numerous to mention one by one /can be found everywhere in our life/society). 说明这一定义/真理/理论/原理/方法/俗语/谚语的例子并不罕见/举不胜举/在我们的生活/社会中随处可见。

e.g. Cases illustrative of the saying—facts speak louder than words—are too numerous to mention one by one. 说明事实胜于雄辩这一俗话的例子举不胜举。

28) To illstrate the theory in question, we can cite many examples. 为了说明我们讨论的这一理论，我们可以举一些例子。

29) According to my observation (/knowledge), many examples from our real life can serve (/be used/be employed/be cited) as good evidence for the definition in question. 根据我的观察/知识，我们现实生活的许多例子可以用来做这一问题的很好的例证说明。

30) This truth (/principle/motto/popular saying/way of coping with sth.) is (/holds true for/goes for/can be applied to) many cases (/various matters) in our actual life. 这一针对某事的真理/原理/格言/流行语/方法可以用于处理我们实际生活中的许多/各种事情。

e.g. The above theory can be applied to a variety of cases in our daily life. 上述理论可应用于我们日常生活中的许多事例。

31) There are some (/several/a few) steps (/measures/ways/methods/tricks) you (/a would-be beginner) can follow (/take/try/use/learn) to achieve your/his/her goal (/to realize your/his/her dreams/to the best advantage). 有一些/几个步骤/措施/途径/方法/计策/教训你（一个即将成为初学者的人）采纳/尝试/使用/吸取，以实现你的（他/她的）目标/以实现你的/他的梦想/以达到最佳效果。

e.g. There are some clever tricks a would-be relaxer can learn to keep himself free of worry or stress. 有一些聪明的办法可供想放松的人学习，使自己不会焦虑或紧张。

32) When you _____ (/If sth. in question _____), it is better (/advisable/necessary/essential) for you to follow the instructions (/courses/steps/schemes/ways) as given (/described) below. 如果讨论某事/如果你…，（你）最好/有必要按照下面给出的/下述说明/做法/步骤/计划/方法去做。

e.g. If your trouble builds up to the point where you can not put up with it, it is advisable for you to follow the instructions as given below. 如果你的麻烦到了忍无可忍的时候，建议你按照下面的说明去做。

33) To do _____, you'd better (not) go by (/act upon/comply with) some concrete (/practical/sound/effective) rules (/regulations/orders/procedures/courses). 要做某事，你最好（不）要遵从一些具体的/实用的/合理的/有效的规则/规章制度/命令/程序/做法。

e.g. To break with the bad habits like smoking, you'd better go by some effective instructions. 要打破象吸烟这样的坏习惯，你最好遵从一些有效的指导。

34) To _____, however, no way works better than by comparing (/contrasting) A with B. 然而要…，把A

与B进行比较/对照是最好的办法

e.g. To see through this superstition, however, no way works better than by contrasting it with science. 然而要看透迷信，没有任何办法比把它与科学对比更好。

35) If (/When) placed together to undergo a close (/careful/sound/rational/all-sided) comparison, they (/the two subjects/the two parties) can reveal (/show/manifest/display) their resemblance (/difference) in some aspects.

如果把他们放在一起进行仔细/合理/全面的比较，他们/这两个对象（双方）就能揭示/ 显示/表明/展示他们在一些方面的相似/不同之处。

36) Just as one can distinguish only by comparing (/Just as there can be no differentiation without contrast), it is necessary (/better/worthwhile) to see (/find out) what will come of the contrast (/comparison) between A and B. 只有通过比较才能区别（没有对照就不会有区分），找出A与B比较/对照之后的结果是有必要的/最好的/值得的。

e.g. ...it is worthwhile to find out what comes of the contrast between the Western culture and the Eastern culture. …找出东西方文化对照的结果是值得的。

37) In (/Under/On) different (/similar) situations (/conditions/circumstances), how ever, the meanings (/connotations/ inspirations/ lessons/ doctrines/ experiences/ values/ implications/ hints) derived from (/gained in) the same thing (/different things) are similar (/contrary/opposite) to one another(或different from one other). 然而，在不同/类似的情况下，来源于相同/不同事物的意义/内涵/启发/教训/教条/经验/价值/含义/暗示相互类似/相互对立/互不相同。

e.g. In different situations/Against different backgrounds, however, the values derived from the same incident are found contrary to one another. 然而，在不同的情况下/在不同的背景下，来自同一事件的价值观互不相同。

38) The best (/only/nearest/sound) way for us to understand (/seize) the essence (/substance) of _____, however, is to put both (/it) against each other (/different backgrounds/another thing) (或...is to make a comparison/contrast between A and B). 然而，理解/抓住…的本质最好/唯一/合理的方法是，把两者置于彼此的/不同的背景中（在A与B之间进行比较/对照）。

e.g. The only way for us to get the sense/core of dishonesty, however, is to put it against honesty. 然而，我们懂得不诚实的唯一办法是把它与诚实进行比较。

结尾段

1. in general/ on the whole/ generally 2. all in all

3. From the foregoing, …

4. in brief/ in summary/ in conclusion/ in short/ in a word/ to sum up/ to conclude/ to summarize 5. If it is up to me to make a choice between A and B, I would rather choose … over … 6. If I were forced to agree with one of the two, my choice would be …

7. From the above comparison and contrast, anyone can safely conclude that …

8. When the advantages and disadvantages are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is self-evident.

9. Judging from all evidence offered, we may reasonably come to/ draw the conclusion that …

10. All these opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to choose the best of them. In my opinion, such matters must be left to individual‟s conscience.

11.From what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that … 12.Personally, I side with the former/ latter opinion. 13.I am of the opinion that priority should be given to … 14.Personally, I stand on the side of …

15.As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the opinion that … 16.For my part, I completely agree with the former /latter.

17.To be frank/ To tell the truth, I should second the former/ latter attitude/ position in preference to the latter/ former.

18.People from different backgrounds, however, put different interpretations on the same thing. 19.Views on the issue in question vary from person to person/ vary widely. 20.People rarely reach an absolute consensus on a controversial issue.

21.Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the moral that … 22.For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that … 23.All the evidence justifies an unshakable view that …

24.All the evidence supports an unmistakable conclusion that … 25.To conclude my essay, I would like to quote an old saying “…”.

26.Both views have strong foundations; but, overall, I tend to agree with the latter.

27.What we must do is make sure that the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible.

28.It is true that to do … brings about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Besides, compared with the positive effects, the disadvantages would not count much.

29.It is high time that we/ the government did …

30.To achieve this goal, however, we still have a great distance to cover.

31.It is urgent/ important/ necessary that appropriate/ effective/ proper actions/ measures/ steps/ method be taken to end/ correct/ improve …

32.There are believed/ expected/ supposed to be two effective measures/ practical schemes/ sound solutions, one of which is …

33.Both governments and ordinary citizens should join hands to make this world a better place to live in, not only for ourselves, but also for future generations.

6.6 大作文用词与句式

6.6.1 准确用词

一个词的意思有两方面：denotation和connotation。Denotation是词的字面意思，正如字典上所定义的一样；Connotation是由词引申联想到的意思和情感。例如country，nation，state和land，它们的字面意思多少有相似之处，都可以译成“国家”，但它们的涵义却相差甚远。Country主要指国土及国民；Nation强调民族，种族；state多指国家的政府及政府机构；而land指国家虽不够精确，但更富有文学的色彩，比country一词带有更多的感情。初学写作的人有时会选错词，但更多的时候是选词不全错，而是不够准确、地道，导致词不达意，甚至导致冒犯和误解。固此在英语写作中要学会选择准确的词来表达自己的思想。

要把握选词的准确性，从三大方面入手。

 广泛阅读积累，了解词汇社会、历史、文化及政治背景，选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化背景

一致。

例如，英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”，然后才是“地主”；而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”，此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如

propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意；而First lady（第一夫人）绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人，因此在写作中应特别注意这类词，否则会导致冒犯和误解。

由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色，常表示希望、活力，但在英语中green又与“妒忌” （to be green with envy，green-eyed）和“没有经验的”（a green horn）联系起来。

如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如：corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛指“谷物”；“地铁”在英国用tube或under-ground美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk, Chemists' shop/drug store等。

 区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景（ subject, audience, situation）。

由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的词，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。

同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean, thin，underweight，gaunt, lanky，skinny等来表达，而slender表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。

即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时，都意为“个子小”的，但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义，而little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”，根据不同的上下文，它还有“纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题、对象及情景。

另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大”，但large通常用来修饰诸如number，amount及quantity（a large number of students，a large amount of money，a large quantity of wine，etc）。但象“勇气”，“信心”，”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词，人们通常不用big或large来修饰，而用great修饰。由此可见，在英语写作实践中，区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。  选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分

不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员，与人有关，而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思，但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词；所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思，比如send一词，如果单把

它理解成汉语的“送”的话，象这样的句子“她送信给我”也许会被写成she sent me the letter.而英语准确的表达应是she brought me the letter.再如“他将送朋友去机场”，如果写成He will send his friend to the airport。就又错了。正确的表达应该是He will go to the airport with his friend to see him off. 实际上send sth to a place 应该是请别人送去，自己不去。因此，要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当，单凭查词典还不行。 6.6.2 句式多变

一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组织紧密之外，词汇的运用和句子的处理，也起着决定性作用。

句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语。 总之，可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。 6.6.3 英式拼写

雅思考试是英联邦考试，考官一般习惯于看到英式拼写。 American English British English -or (color, favorite) -our (colour, favourite) -ze (urbanize, industrialize) -se (urbanise, industrialise) -ll (fulfill, skillful) -l (fulfil, skilful) -er (center, theater) -re (centre, theatre) -ense (defense, license) -ence (defence, licence) -ling (quarreling, traveling) -lling (quarrelling, travelling) -ed (leaped, learned) -t (leapt, learnt)

6.7 大作文高分九要九不要

九要 1．要按逻辑分段

写作文一定要去适应对方，而不是让对方适应你；对考官而言，你的作文是阅读理解；烤鸭们要首先亮出观点，然后对观点进行扩展。 2．要开门见山

开头段就将文章中心思想摆出来。

议论文不可以写太长，尤其是在考场上，第一段只能3～5句话。 3． 要一段一观点

正文部分一般为2-3个段落。每个正文段落论述一个主要观点。 4．要有主题句

主题句必不可少。不要把每个主题句分散在不同处，考试一定要在每段的第一句写，方便考官阅读。 5． 要线性思维

 

英式思维：想说什么（思考）－说出来－为什么这样说 中式思维：喜欢绕来绕去地兜圈子，“画龙点睛”

6． 要论证自己观点

西方人更强调事实材料、数据、普通人的事件（如引用邻居的经历）、该领域专家。 7． 要由一般到具体

先概括再具体叙述加以支持 8．要使用过渡词进行逻辑连接

英语是形式语言，靠语言形式手段来完成相互之间的关联；如： obviously显而易见, turn out, as a result结果是, and, in the end最后 9． 要在结尾进行概括总结

九不要

1 不要用不熟悉的词

用词的最高境界在于贴切，而不是复杂。如对复杂单词一知半解，则效果适得其反。 2 不要过度使用从句

提倡使用从句，但是不要过分使用从句。特别是不要同时使用两个同类型的从句。 3 不要多用名言谚语

名言要用的适度和恰当。如名言与文章关系不大，最好不用。尤其要杜绝中国谚语，因为考官看不懂。 4 不要用第一第二人称

使用第一第二人称会使文章失去客观性。可以将I和You 去掉，把宾语换成主语，将句子变成被动语态。

5 不要用口语化词语

口语化词语有失文章的正式性。应尽量使用比较正规的书面语，如将a lot of 改成a huge amount of, 或a great number of, 等。

6 不要用问号和感叹号

感叹号和问号会弱化文章的客观性和理性色彩。 7 不要用缩写 8不要用比喻

雅思作文考查的是正式文体，文字最好直接、简洁、清晰，不要用抒情和感慨。如将老师比喻为园丁，将学生比喻成花朵都大可不必。首先，议论性质的书面文体很少认同比喻和抒情；其次，大部分学生的英语语法还不足以应付修辞。 9 不要典型的中国式思维

雅思考官一般都是西方人，受着西方文化的制约。如果用典型的中国式思维方式去辩论，有时会让考官觉得费解。如，中国人认为专心听讲、遵守纪律和听从老师训导的就是好学生，而西方人则鼓励学生挑战老师，敢于提出不同见解，是否打断老师的讲课则并不是很重要。

一些文化差异：

旅游业：西方认为有可能破坏环境，影响本土文化，而中国式思维认为是经济收入的主要来源。 老龄人口：西方---老年人应该有选择生活的权利，可以选择去养老院或自己生活，减轻家人的负担。中式—照顾老人是子女不可推卸的责任。

家庭背景：西方—富裕家庭的孩子更有教养，接受良好教育的机会更多，更有可能成功。中式—穷人的孩子早当家，纨绔子弟难成事。

。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

PS：

好吧~好吧~我坦白~ 发这些资料背后的目的。。。^_^ 因为好多好友问我，是不是要出书啊~ 已经出书了吗~

所以有必要废话几句~

恩~这些资料，不会出书的，因为不是我自己的原创~ 呵~ 或者说不符合我自己对于原创的要求和标准~

可能大家也看出来，这些资料不同于网上流行的那些雅思资料，^_^ 因为我确实花了很多的时间精力去整理~ 说句负责任的话吧，2008.05以前的雅思资料，我几乎都搜遍了，然后汲取其精华，加上我的一些思考和写作经验，整理成了现在这些资料~

即便是这样，我所做的工作，无非像是一个勤劳的小蜜蜂，在网络大花园里飞了个遍，采集到能采到的所有花粉，加工整理成大家所看到的这些成品花粉，^_^