语法复习：宾语
★ 英语中的形式宾语
在英语中，为了平衡句子结构或避免句子结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。
一、当谓语动词为think, make, find, consider, feel, hear等，后接复合宾语[宾语+宾语补足语]时, 常用“主语+谓语动词(think等)+it+宾语补足语+不定式结构/V-ing分词/that从句”。如： We think it our duty to study and work hard for our great motherland.
We thought it no good telling him about that.
We found it useless trying to persuade him to go with us.
We think it highly probable that he will come tomorrow. 我们认为他明天来是非常可能的。
注意：如果不是that从句，而是wh从句，则不用形式宾语。如：
We consider what he said very important. 我们认为他所说的非常重要。
二、某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词如like, enjoy, love, dislike, hate, appreciate等，往往不直接接从句，特别是that引导的宾语从句。若接宾语从句，从句前须跟一个形式宾语it。如：
I hate it when people speak with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌人们满口食物讲话。
由于that从句一般不能直作做介词的宾语, 所以介词后若接that引导的宾语从句，则须先接一个
形式宾语it而后才接真正的宾语。如： Before we leave, we must see to it that everything is ready. You may depend on it that I shall help you. 你可以依靠我来帮你。
三、“动词+介词”所构成的固定词组如果跟宾语从句必须先跟it 形式宾语，it须置于动词和介词之间，此类词组常见的有：leave it to(由……决定/判断)，owe it to somebody（归功于/多亏)，take it for granted(想当然/认为……是真的)，have/bear/keep it in mind(记住)。如：
I will leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.
We owed it to you that there was not a serious accident.
We must have/bear/keep it in mind that nothing is too difficult if we put our heart into it.
Once people took it for granted that the earth was flat. 以前人们想当然地认为地球是平的。
★ 宾语补足语用法：宾语补足语是英语教学的难点，也是高考的热点，更是书面表达中必须具备的一种句型结构。
I. 使役动词后宾语补足语的用法
中学教学中最常见的使役动词有：make, have, leave。 他们都表示“使得……”，后面都可接宾语+宾语补足语的结构，但用法上有所不同。
一、 make用作使役动词表示 “使；使成为” 时，可跟复合结构，即“make+宾语+宾语补足语”，其中的宾语补足语可以是形容词或名词、不带to的不定式、过去分词。
1.我们推选他作我们足球队队长。 We made him captain of our football team.
2.我们队赢了的消息使我们大家非常高兴。 The news that our team had won made us very happy.
3.大雨使得我们无法出去。 The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.
4. 奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。 The strange noise made us frightened.
5. 这个男孩被迫每天干十二个小时的活。 The boy was made to work twelve hours a day.
二、have 表示“使得……”,其后接宾语补足语, 常用以下句型：
have sb do sth 使得某人做某事 have sb doing sth使得某人做某事 have sth done使得某事被做
填空 1． The teacher had her _______(recite) the text again.
wants to have his eyes __________ ( examine ) tomorrow.
careful, or you’ll have your hands _______( hurt ).
had the girl _______( stand ) in the classroom the whole morning.
had the walls _______( paint ) this morning.
答案：1. recite 2. examined3. hurt 4. standing5. painted
只能用doing 的情况
1. 表示正在发生 Be quick! They have the car waiting for you at the school gate.
2. 否定句中表示(不能)容忍某人做... I won’t have him cheating in the exam.
3. 表示某一时间内一直延续不断的动作 He had us laughing all through the meals.
选择题、填空题
1. I’ve had my radio _____ so soon because my father had me _____ it.
A. repair; done B. repaired; do C repairing; do D. repaired; done
2. You can’t have the horse ______ all the way. It’s too hot.
B. to run C. running D. to be running
3. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again. A. it B. it repaired D. to be repaired
4. We will have you ______ (know) that the machine has been made_________(work) at full speed. 答案：1. B2. C3. C4. know, to work
三、 leave作使役动词,表示“使/ 让……保持某种状态”。
1. 用形容词作宾语补足语 Leave the door open when you go out
His illness left him very weak.
2. 还可用名词、介词短语等作宾语补足语 His parents both died last year, leaving him an orphan.
3. 用现在分词作宾语补足语 They walked off and left me sitting there alone.
He went out, leaving his papers lying open on the desk.
4用过去分词作宾语补足语 Did you leave the doors and windows properly fastened
He left a few questions unanswered.
Ⅱ. 感官动词后宾语补足语的用法
表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear， feel, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell，see等词后可以用省去to的动词不定式,现在分词,及过去分词作宾语补足语。常见的句型有：（以hear为例） hear sb do sth hear sb doing sth hear sth done
填空、选择题
1. I’ve never heard the song _____(sing) you smell something_______( burn )
3. Tom saw his parents _______( get)into the car and _______( drive ) off
4. He was seen________(drive) the car at high speed on the highway yesterday
5. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ next year.
out B. carrying out C. carried outD. to carry out
6．-Did you hear her ___ this pop song this time the other day -Yes, and I heard this song ______ in English.
A. sing; singing B. sung; sung C. sung; singing D. singing; sung
7. I saw her _______ when I came into the classroom. A. cry B. to cry C. crying D. cries
答案：1. sung2. burning 3. get, drive4. to drive 5. C . C
Ⅲ．with + 宾语+ 宾语补足语
＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语
1)他过去常常开着窗子睡觉。 He used to sleep with the window open.
2) 他们离开了房间，灯还亮着。 They left the room with the lights still on.
3) 他双手放在袋子里走了进来。 He stepped in, with his hands in his pockets.
4) The woman, without a necklace around her neck, was a friend of Mary’s.
2．with+宾语+ doing/done/to do
1) The day was bright with a fresh breeze blowing. ( ing表示主动／正在进行）
2) With the matter settled,we went home.（ed表示被动/状态）
3) They are highly mechanized farms, with machines to do all the work.
4) With Tom to help me, I can finish the work in time. (to do表示即将发生)
选择、填空：
_ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
everything____ , she left the supermarket with satisfaction.
A. As, buying B. For, to buy C. With,bought D. Because,to buy
比较:_____everything was bought, she left the supermarket.
3. _____ years ______, her hair grows white.
A. As ...passing by B. With ...go by ... passD. With...passed
4. His mother_______（be）ill, he had to stay at home, looking after her
5. He stood there, with his eyes _______( fix ) on Della.
6. He stood there, _______(fix ) his eyes on Della.
stood there and his eyes______ (fix) on Della.
8. He stood there, his eyes ______on Della
答案：1. C 2. C 比较As 3. C4. being
5. fixed6. fixing 7. were fixed 8. fixed
★ 引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略：
1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如：We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.
2. 有间接宾语时。如：He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。
3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如：
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他
4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如：I think it necessary that he should stay here.
5. that从句单独回答问题时。如：—What did he hear 他听说了什么事
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6. 在except等介词后。如：He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.
7. 位于句首时。如：That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。
8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如：He replied that he disagreed.
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