(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、English Chinese Translation(总题数：5，分数：100.00)
1.Two teams of astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have overturned several decades of conjecture and theory by ruling out the possibility that small, dim stars make up most of the mass in the universe.
Until now, small stars known as faint red dwarfs were considered ideal candidates for the socalled \"dark matter\" that is believed to account for more than 90 percent of the mass of the universe. All visible celestial objects, such as planets, stars and galaxies, are believed to account for only 10 percent of the mass of the universe. The rest of the \"missing mass\" is presumably invisible because it does not emit or reflect light, or the light is too feeble to be detected. But dark matter can be indirectly detected due to its gravitational influence on other visible objects. According to Bacall, professor of natural science at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and leader of one of the teams, the nature of dark matter, and its abundance, are among the most important questions in modem cosmology today.
The ultimate fate of the universe will be determined by the amount of dark matter present. If there is not enough dark matter to bind the universe together gravitationally, it could continue expanding forever. If there is enough mass to hold the universe together gravitationally, the universe may slow down its expansion, come to a halt and begin to contract and eventually collapse.
（分数：20.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：两个天文学家小组用哈勃太空望远镜排除了宇宙暗弱的小行星构成宇宙主要质量的可能性，从而推翻了几十年来的推测和理论。
到现在为止，被称为淡红矮星的小星体一直被认为是所谓的“暗物质”的理想物质。天文学家认为，整个宇宙的百分之九十都是由这种暗物质构成的。
天文学家认为，行星、恒星和银河之类的所有可以看得见的天体只是构成了宇宙质量的百分之十左右。其他的“隐形质量”是不可见的，由于它们不自己发光，也不反射光，或者是发出的光太微弱，因而无法被探测到。但是由于暗物质对其他可见天体有引力作用，因此可以间接被检测到。
巴考尔是新泽西州普林斯顿高级研究所的自然科学的教授，也是两组天文学家中其中一组的学科带头人。按照他的说法，关于暗物质的本质和存在丰富性的讨论，是当代天文学上的重要研究课题之一。 宇宙的最终命运将由存在的暗物质的量来决定。如果没有足够的暗物质通过引力作用将宇宙粘合在一起的话，宇宙就会永远不停地膨胀。然而，如果能有足够的质量通过引力作用把宇宙拉合在一起的话，宇宙就有可能减速并停止膨胀，并开始收缩，并最终坍缩。
2.Imagine fishermen walking down to the seashore, ready to carry out their early morning routine of preparing their boats and net. As usual they hope for a good catch of fish. But to their astonishment, a horrible sight meets their still sleepy eyes. Thousands of fish have been washed ashore dead. The cause of this mass destruction? A red tide!
Red tides are a global phenomenon, They have been observed on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada. They have also occurred in many other places. Though relatively few people are aware of them, red tides are not new.
In the Philippines, a red tide was first seen in the province of Bata an in 1908. Since then, red tides have been seen in many other coastal areas A Philippines red tide expert told us that \"besides the fish kills, the Philippines has documented 1,926 eases of dead shellfish poisoning caused by red tides.\"
The term \"red tide\" applies to the discoloration of water that sometimes occurs in certain areas
of the ocean or sea. Although the color is often red, it may also be shades of brown or yellow. The World Book Encyclopedia reports that \"the discolored areas may range from less than a few square yards to more than 2,600 square kilometers.\"
What causes such discoloration? Red tides are generally caused by several species of single-celled organisms. These tiny organisms have hair-like projections which they use to propel them-selves in water. There are about 2,000 varieties of these organisms, 30 of which carry poisonous substances these minute organisms usually stay in warm waters with high content of salt. A red tide occurs when there is a sudden and rapid bloom of these organisms. The concentration of these organisms may swell to 50,000,000 per quart of water! Although scientists do not fully understand why this happens. It is known that these organisms accumulate when certain conditions simultaneously affect the water. These include abnormal weather, optimum temperatures, an over-supply of nutrients in the water, a generous amount of sunlight, and favorable water currents. When a heavy rainfall occurs, minerals and other nutrients are sometimes washed from the land into coastal water. These nutrients can contribute to the breeding of the organisms. The result? Red tides!
（分数：20.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：1908年，在菲律宾的巴塔安省首次发现了赤潮。从那以后，在其他许多沿海地区也相继发现了赤潮。菲律宾的一位赤潮专家告诉我们：“除了导致鱼死亡外，菲律宾还有过1926宗因赤潮而使贝类中毒的事例。” “赤潮”这个术语有时用来表示发生在海或洋的某些区域的水变色。水的颜色通常是红色的，但是也可能是棕色或黄色。《世界书籍百科全书》介绍说，“变色的区域可能在不少于几平方码到2600平方千米之间。” 是什么导致这样的水变色呢?一般来说，赤潮是由好几种单细胞种类生物引发的。这些微生物有像头发一样的突出物质，它们用这些东西在水中向前移动。大约有2000种这样的生物，其中的30种包含有毒的物种。这些微生物通常生活于含盐量高的温带水域。
这些生物突然并且快速繁殖时就会发生赤潮。这些生物的密度可能大量增加到每夸脱水5000万个的标准!尽管科学家没有完全了解发生这种现象的原因，但是他们知道：当某些环境同时影响海水时，这些生物就会积聚。这些环境包括反常的天气、适宜的湿度、海水中营养物的过度供应、充足的阳光以及起促进作用的水流。当出现暴雨时，矿物质和其他营养物有时被从陆地冲向沿海水域。这些营养物可能促进这些微生物的生长。结果是什么呢?赤潮!
3.With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China launched a family planning program in 1971, India has been closing the gap Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly as much as the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India\"s population will pass China\"s around the year 2028 at about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won\"t be the fault of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India. While India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala\"s population is virtually stable. The reason is no mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, compared with about 40% in the entire nation.
The difference lies in the emphasis put on health programs, including birth control, by the state authorities, which in 1957 became India\"s first elected Communist government. And an educational tradition and matrilineal (母系的) customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get equally good schooling.
While one in three Indian women is literate, 90% of those in Kerala can read and write. Higher literacy rates foster family planning. \"Unlike our parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have fewer of them,\" says Laial Cherian, 33, who lives in the village of Kuda-maloor. She has limited herself as three children—one below the national average of four. That kind of restraint (抑制,克制) will keep Kerala from putting added pressure on world food supplies.
（分数：20.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：印度是世界上仅次于中国，人口最多的国家。拥有9亿5千万人，但是，自从中国1971年实施计划生育政策以来，印度已经与我国渐渐缩小了差距。印度人已经降低了他们的出生率，但是降低的程度还没有赶上我国。如果照目前的出生率持续下去，印度的人口将在大约2028年赶上中国的人口，数量将近大约17亿。
如果这种情况发生的话，它也不将是卡洛拉地区开明女性的过错，卡洛拉是印度南部的一个府。从整体上来说，印度每年差不多增加2000万人，但是卡洛拉的人口实际上是稳定的。原因并不神秘：与全国近40%的比例相比，将近2/3的卡洛拉女性实行计划生育。
这种差距在于卡洛拉地方当局重视健康计划，包括控制生育，该地区1957年成为印度第一个民选的共产党政府。卡洛拉部分地区的教育传统和母系习俗有助于男、女孩平等的接受良好的学校教育。虽然只有1/3的印度女性有文化，但是90%的卡洛拉女性能够读、写。
更高的识字率促进计划生育的发展。“不像我们的父母，我们知道，如果我们生了较多的孩子，我们就要为他们做更多的事情，”33岁的莱拉·凯瑞恩说，她住在库丹马洛的乡村。她限制自己生三个子女——比全国平均数四个子女少一个，这种克制会防止卡洛拉给世界的粮食供给增加挑战。
4.There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organizations to practically fulltime work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service overseas (VSO) for young people before they take up fulltime employment, so there are opportunities for overseas service for qualified technicians in developing countries. Some people, particularly those who retire early, offer their technical and business skills in countries where there is a special need.
So in considering voluntary or paid community service there are more opportunities than there ever were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small fulltime staff, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations, and values may be different. In some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not judge them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different objectives, both personal and organizational One should not join them expecting to arm them with professional expertise; they must be joined with commitment to the cause, not business efficiency. Because salaries are small or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expenses. But many retired people take part in community service for free, simply because they enjoy the work.
Many community activities possible in retirement were also possible during one\"s working life but they are to be undertaken no less seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider taking community service.
（分数：20.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：事实上，对于一个人如何能够没有什么限制的为公共的利益服务——从花费一个星期的几个小时为一些慈善机构服务到实际为某个社会机构做全职工作。正如年轻人在做全职工作前有许多机会做海外志愿服务工作一样，因此，有资格的技术人员有机会从事发展中国家的海外服务工作。一些人，特别是那些退休早的人，提供自己的技术和商业技能给有特别需求的国家。
所以，一个人考虑做志愿或付酬的公共服务的机会就比曾经第一次开始工作时的机会多。大多数志愿服务机构只有很少的全职工作人员，它们主要依赖志愿人员和兼职人员。这就意味着这样的工作关系与商业机构中的工作关系不同，其价值观念可能也不同。在某些方面，这些人看起来更随意，更缺乏效率，但是，人们不应该根据商业标准判断他们。与这些人共事的人因为不同的原因和不同的目的而与他们共事。既有个人因素，也有组织上的因素。人们不应该因为期望为他们提供职业性的专门知识而加入这些机构；应该
以献身精神的责任心而不是根据商业效率而加入这些机构。因为薪水很少或是根本没有薪水，许多志愿机构提供适度的费用。但是，许多退休人员免费从事公共服务工作，只是因为他们喜欢这样的工作。 人们在退休期间可能从事的许多公共活动也可能在其在职期间从事，但是，不会因此而不重视这些活动。那些只是寻求做不同或不寻常的事情的退休人员不会考虑公共服务活动。
5.Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an occupation should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, however, most people make several job choices during their working lives, partly because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their position. The \"one perfect job\" does not exist. Young people should therefore enter into a broad flexible training program that will fit them for a field of work rather than for a single job.
Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans without benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing little about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss basis Some drift from job to job. Others stick to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field, disregarding both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal requirements The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a \"White-collar\" job is no good reason for choosing it as life\"s work, Moreove, these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the majority of young people should give serious consideration to these fields.
Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants out of life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take risks for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.
（分数：20.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()
解析：大部分有价值的工作都要求有某些专门的培训。因此，理想的情况就是，在中学选择课程之前甚至就应该选定一种职业。可是，实际上，一部分因为经济和产业方面的变化，一部分是为了提高他们的职位，大多数人在其工作生涯中做过好几次工作选择。“完美的工作”是不存在的。因此，年轻人应该参加广泛而灵活的培训项目，这样的项目将使他们适应许多种工作而不是单个的工作。
不幸的是，由于没有来自能够胜任的职业顾问或心理学家的帮助，许多年轻人不得不制定求职计划。由于对职业方面的情况或他们自己了解很少，他们基于随意的想法选择其毕生的工作。一些人换了一个又一个的工作。其他人坚持的工作令其不愉快，他们也不适应这样的工作。
一个共同的错误就是：人们为了工作的真实或想象的声誉而选择职业。太多中学生选择专业领域中的工作，或其父母为他们选择，不管这些职业中工人所占的比例相对小以及教育和个人要求异常高两种情况。一种职业的真实或想象的声誉并没有选择它作为毕生工作的理由。而且，这些职业并不总是报酬高。因为机械和手工领域的工作多，所以多半年轻人应该慎重考虑这些领域。
在选择职业之前，一个人应该对他从生活中得到什么以及他愿意付出多大的艰辛去得到这种工作有一个大致的了解。一些人渴望社会名誉，其他人渴望智力上的满足。一些人希望安全，其他人愿意为了经济利益而冒险。每种职业选择都有其要求，也有其回报。
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