(全)2021高考英语-阅读精练-含详解+译文

高考英语-阅读精练-含详解+译文

①If you've got the flu, your focus is on getting better—not on how you caught it. But from a public health standpoint, tracking how flu spreads can help keep the virus contained.

②In the past, models predicting the path of epidemic disease focused on travel by plane—in some cases combining data on population density with airport locations.

③And when studies showed that influenza transmission is modulated by humidity, scientists injected information on climate into the mix.

④Now, a new study combines data on a variety of factors, from doctors' visits and vaccination coverage to weather patterns and the movement of individuals as recorded by Twitter.

⑤The finding: in the U.S., influenza typically arises in the warm, humid conditions of the south and spreads quickly thanks to the high degree of social connectivity in the region. The finding is in the journal e Life.

⑥The researchers started by studying health care records from more than 40 million families, looking for reports of flulike symptoms. The analysis covered nine season's worth of data, from 2003 to 2011. And it pointed toward outbreaks starting near the Gulf of Mexico or the southern Atlantic, a surge that seemed to

coincide with the southward migration of ducks.

⑦\"We did our first analysis and it did look like ducks could be possible carriers of the virus, starting spark of the influenza epidemic.\" Andrey Rzhetsky of the University of Chicago, the study's senior author says they wrote up their \"duck hypothesis\" and submitted the paper for review. Reviewers, so to speak, strongly encouraged us to include additional factors into the model, specifically climate variables, temperature, wind speeds, solar radiation, and humidity. And when they did... \" duck hypothesis collapsed. Ducks as predictor were not important any more and climate took the first place..\"

⑧Based on the data they collected, the researchers liken the spread of flu to a wildfire. The spark that ignites the epidemic is provided when a blast of colder weather strikes an otherwise warm, humid, urban environment. That chill allows the virus to remain viable in water droplets and perhaps forces people indoors into close quarters. That's where Southern hospitality comes in. Folks in the south are more highly socially connected than elsewhere in the country. So friends, neighbors and community members have plenty of opportunity to pass the virus to one another face to face.

⑨Finally, driving from county to county or traveling by plane, allows the flu to spread like wind carries a fire. So you'll come back now—but first make sure you're no longer contagious.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

2. What did people think cause epidemic in the past?

3. Now, what do people think cause epidemic?

4. Why does influenza typically arises in the warm, humid conditions of the south and spreads quickly in the U.S.?

5. Why did the researchers compare the spread of flu to a wildfire?

6.What does the underlined word \"modulate\" mean?

A. damage B adjust C affect D. differ

①If you've got the flu, your focus is on getting better—not on how you caught it. But from a public health standpoint, tracking how flu spreads can help keep the virus contained.

【结构解析】根据but可以总结出下文主要讲tracking how flu spread对防治流感的重要性

②In the past, models predicting the path of epidemic disease focused on travel by plane—in some cases combining data on population density with airport locations.

③And when studies showed that influenza transmission is modulated by humidity, scientists injected information on climate into the mix.

④Now, a new study combines data on a variety of factors, from doctors' visits and vaccination coverage to weather patterns and the movement of individuals as recorded by Twitter.

【结构解析】②--④主要对比过去和现在人们对流感原因的不同看法。

①--④ 【阅读词汇】

★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。

1.track n轨道vt 跟踪; (用卫星、雷达等特殊装置) 追踪; 了解…的动向

He thought he had better track this wolf and see where it lived.

他认为他最好跟踪这只狼，并看看它在哪儿生活。

Our radar began tracking the jets.

我们的雷达开始追踪那些喷气式飞机。

With eleven thousand employees, it's very difficult to keep track of them all.

有11000名员工，很难了解他们所有人的动向。

You become so deeply absorbed in an activity that you lose track of time.

你是那么专注于一项活动，以致忘了时间。

2. contain /kənˈteɪn/

V-T If something such as a box, bag, room, or place contains things, those things are inside it. 有…在里面

The envelope contained a Christmas card.

该信封里装有一张圣诞贺卡。

The first two floors of the building contain retail space and a restaurant.

该大楼最底下两层有零售空间和一家餐馆。

V-T If a substance contains something, that thing is a part of it. 含有

Watermelon contains vitamins and also potassium.

西瓜含有维生素也有钾。

V-T If writing, speech, or film contains particular information, ideas, or images, it includes them. (文章、演讲、电影) 包含 (某些信息、观点、图像等)

This sheet contained a list of problems a patient might like to raise with the doctor.

这张纸写有一个病人可能想向医生提出的问题清单。

V-T If a group or organization contains a certain number of people, those are the people that are in it. (团体、组织等) 包括 (某数量的成员)

The committee contains 11 Democrats and nine Republicans.

该委员会包括11名民主党人和9名共和党人。

V-T If you contain something, you control it and prevent it from spreading or increasing. 控制; 阻止

More than a hundred firemen are still trying to contain the fire at the plant.

一百多名消防队员仍在努力控制工厂火势。

3.epidemic disease流行病

4.in some cases在某些情况下

5.Combine with结合

6.location位置n.

7.influenza流感n.

8.transmission传输n.

★modulate： to affect sth so that it becomes more regular, slower, etc.

drugs that effectively modulate the disease process可以有效控制疾病发展的药品

9.humidity湿度 n

inject information on climate into the mix.向混合物中注入有关气候的信息

10.a variety of factors各种因素

11.vaccination接种疫苗n.

12.coverage新闻报道n.

13.weather patterns天气模式

14.movement of individuals个人的运动

⑤The finding: in the U.S., influenza typically arises in the warm, humid conditions of the south and spreads quickly thanks to the high degree of social connectivity in the region. The finding is in the journal e Life.

【结构解析】本文主要提供了在美国南方对流感原因的研究结果。

【阅读词汇】

1. typically通常; 一般; 典型地; 具有代表性地;

Typically, only about 95% of the volume is usable .

典型地，只有大约95%的体积是可使用的。

Our reply: So how much time do you typically spend on projects now?

我们的回答是：那么您们现在一般在项目上花多少时间？

So they only express three typically, but different species express

different groups of these seven genes.

因此，他们只表达三个典型的基因，但不同的物种有不同的基因表达。

Do you typically achieve what you set out to do?

你总是能实现本身为本身设定的目标吗？

2. arise发生; 产生; 出现;

You have one idea, they have another, and problems arise.

你有一个主意，他们也有一个，问题出现了。

However, the differences arise in how to achieve that objective.

不过，在如何达到这些目标的问题上出现了分歧。

Problems arise because we often do not know what data to capture and, after you capture it, how to analyze it.

问题又出现了，因为我们经常不知道去捕捉什么数据，在捕捉数据以后，怎样来分析它

3. humid温暖潮湿的; 湿热的

4. spread展开; 打开;

5. thanks to幸亏;归因于

⑥The researchers started by studying health care records from more than 40 million families, looking for reports of flulike symptoms. The analysis covered nine season's worth of data, from 2003 to 2011. And it pointed toward outbreaks starting near the Gulf of Mexico or the southern Atlantic, a surge that seemed to coincide with the southward migration of ducks.

【阅读词汇】

flulike 流感症状的adj

symptom n症状

migration [maɪˈɡreʃən] n.迁移;移动;移居

coincide N.巧合

⑦\"We did our first analysis and it did look like ducks could be possible carriers of the virus, starting spark of the influenza epidemic.\" Andrey Rzhetsky of the University of Chicago, the study's senior author says they wrote up their \"duck hypothesis\" and submitted the paper for review. Reviewers, so to speak, strongly encouraged us to include additional factors into the model, specifically climate variables, temperature, wind speeds, solar radiation, and humidity. And when they did... \" duck hypothesis collapsed. Ducks as predictor were not important any more and climate took the first place..\"

【阅读词汇】

1. hypothesis [haɪˈpɑθəsəs] n.假设

2. humidity [(h)juˈmɪdədi] n.潮湿

3. carrier运输公司; 军用运输车; 运输舰; 航空母舰; 带菌者n.

4. spark火花; 火星; 电火花; n、vt

5. influenza同 flu; 流行性感冒; 流感

6. epidemic流行病; 泛滥，蔓延; 流行性的; 极为盛行的adj

7. reviewers评论家; 评论撰写者; 检查者; 审查者; reviewer的复数

8. strongly强烈地; 坚决地; 大力地; adv

9. encourage支持; 鼓励; 激励; vt

10. specifically明确地; 具体地; 特意; 专门地; adv

11. variable可变情况; 变量; 可变因素;

12. predictor预测器; 预示物n

13. start spark of the influenza epidemic点燃流行性感冒的火花

14. submit the paper for review提交论文供审查

15. strongly encourage强烈鼓励

16. include additional factors into the model在模型中包含其他因素

17. specifically climate variables特别是气候变量

⑧Based on the data they collected, the researchers liken the spread of flu to a wildfire. The spark that ignites the epidemic is provided when a blast of colder weather strikes an otherwise warm, humid, urban environment. That chill allows the virus to remain viable in water droplets and perhaps forces people indoors into close quarters. That's where Southern hospitality comes in. Folks in the south are more highly socially connected than elsewhere in the country. So friends, neighbors and community members have plenty of opportunity to pass the virus to one another face to face.

⑥--⑧【结构解析】主要提供了某些地区的流感疫情的研究数据和事实，指出疫情的真正原因。

【阅读词汇】

1. droplet [ˈdrɑplət] n.小滴

2. a blast of colder weather一阵寒冷的天气

3. chill寒冷n

4. viable可行的

5. hospitality款待

6. more highly socially connected 更高度的社会联系

7. plenty of opportunity很多机会

8. pass the virus to one another把病毒传给对方

9. face to face.面对面

⑨ Finally, driving from county to county or traveling by plane, allows the flu to spread like wind carries a fire. So you'll come back now—but first make sure you're no longer contagious.

【结构解析】本文主要提供了对避免流感蔓延的建议。

【阅读词汇】

contagious [kənˈteɪdʒəs] adj.接触传染(性)的

Finally, driving from county to county or traveling by plane, allows the flu to spread like wind carries a fire.

【解析】动名词短语做主语

【翻译】最后，驾车在美国进行全国游或坐飞机旅行会让流感像借助风力的火灾一样迅速蔓延。

摘自《华盛顿邮报》

Burnout is a term easily tossed around, the way somebody might claim to be starving when they're simply hungry, or freezing when cold. That's harmless if a person is describing a tired day or week. But somebody who is actually burned out should be

prepared to take serious action because it's a condition that needs attention.

The big three symptoms are emotional exhaustion, cynicism and feeling ineffective, according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), a survey designed to measure employee burnout in the workforce. Other symptoms can include frequent colds or sicknesses, insomnia and a tendency to alleviate stress in unhealthy ways, such as with too much alcohol or online shopping.

Part of the difficulty of pinpointing true burnout may be because burnout is a nonmedical term—at least in the United States. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders doesn't list it as an illness. But other countries including France, Denmark and Sweden, do recognize burnout syndrome and consider it to be a legitimate reason to take a sick day from work.

For those who suspect they might be on the road to burnout, there are practical tools to mitigate it. Among others: physical exercise, sleep and positive social connection (the real kind, not the Facebook kind). The importance of balance and self-care to prevent burnout likely isn't surprising to most.

\"There's nothing fancy about what it would take to turn things around,\" says

Ziegler, the \"Mommy Burnout\" author. \"But it's a huge shift in the cultural mind-set. That's the challenge.\"

单选题。（每空2分）

1. What does the underlined phrase \" toss around\" mean in the passage?

A. put forward B throw away C refer to D consider

2. Which of the following symptoms doesn't belong to the three big symptoms of job burnout?

A. a cynical feeling of distrust

B emotional exhaustion

C. feeling ineffective

D. frequent colds or sicknesses

3. Which of the following can serve as the title of the passage?

A. Burnout: a modern disease

B.Smptoms of Burnout

C.Burnout is easy to cope with

D. Reasons for Burnout

【重点词汇】

1.burnout/ˈbɜːrnaʊt/n. 精疲力竭；倦怠：burn out（（火）熄灭；东西烧坏）英文释义：the state of being extremely tired or ill, either physically or mentally, because you have worked too hard2.malaise/məˈleɪz/n. 身体不适；无法描述的问题英文释义：a general feeling of being ill or having no energy近义词：discomfort

英文释义：a discomfort that is difficult to explain or identify例句：This is an economic malaise.3.toss around抛出，提出（想法、建议或说法）toss（v.（轻轻或漫不经心地）扔，抛）英文释义：to throw something lightly or carelesslyHe glanced at the letter and then tossed it into the bin.

他看了一眼信，然后把它扔进了垃圾箱。

4.mitigate：formal) 减轻；缓和 to make sth less harmful, serious, etc.

action to mitigate poverty减轻贫穷的行动

Soil erosion was mitigated by the planting of trees.植树造林减轻了土壤侵蚀。

5.exhaustion/ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/n. 精疲力竭；疲惫不堪英文释义：the state of being extremely tired

The concept of solitude(独处)in the digital world is almost non-existent．In the world of digital technology, e-mail, social networking and online video games, information is meant to be 1 ．Solitude can be hard to discover 2 it has been given up．In this respect, new technologies have 3 our culture．

The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a( n) 4 as we've known it．People have become so 5 in the world of networks and connections that one can often be contacted 6 they'd rather not be．Today we can talk, text, e-mail, chat and blog(写博客), not only from our 7 but from our mobile phones as well．

Most developed nations have become 8 on digital technology simply because they've grown accustomed to it, and at this point not 9 it would make them an outsider． 10 , many jobs and careers require people to be 11 ．From this point of view, technology has changed the culture of work．Being reachable might feel like a 12 to those who may not want to be able to be contacted at all times．

I suppose the positive side is that solitude is still possible for anyone who 13 wants it．Computers can be shut 14 and mobile phones can be turned off．The ability to be \"connected\" and \"on\" has many 15 , as well as

disadvantages．Travelers have ended up 16 on mountains, and mobile phones have saved countless lives．They can also make people feel 17 and forced to answer unwanted calls or 18 to unwanted texts．

Attitudes towards our connectedness as a society 19 across generations．Some find today's technology a gift．Others consider it a curse．Regardless of anyone's

view on the subject, it's hard to imagine what life would be like 20 daily advancements in technology．

1.A. updated B. received C. collected D. shared

2.A. though B. once C. until D. before

3.A. shaped B. respected C. ignored D. preserved

4.A. edge B. end C. stage D. balance

5.A. sensitive B. intelligent C. reachable D. considerate

6.A. only if B. even if C. as if D. if only

7.A. media B. databases C. monitors D. computers

8.A. bent B. dependent C. hard D. keen

9.A. finding B. protecting C. using D. changing

10.A. Instead B. Otherwise C. Somehow D. Also

11.A. trained B. recommended C. connected D. interested

12.A. burden B. pleasure C. benefit D. disappointment

13.A. slightly B. hardly C. merely D. really

14.A. down B. out C. up D. in

15.A. aspects B. weaknesses C. exceptions D. advantages

16.A. lost B. hidden C. relaxed D. deserted

17.A. excited B. confused C. trapped D. amused

18.A. turn B. reply C. submit D. object

19.A. arise B. spread C. vary D. exist

20.A. without B. beyond C. within D. despite

①If you've got the flu, your focus is on getting better—not on how you caught it. But from a public health standpoint, tracking how flu spreads can help keep the virus contained.

如果你感染了流感，你关心的是赶紧好起来，而不是怎么得的流感。但是从公共健康角度来看，追踪流感传播的方式可以帮助遏制流感病毒。

②In the past, models predicting the path of epidemic disease focused on travel by plane—in some cases combining data on population density with airport locations.

过去，预测流行病传染路径的模型主要集中在飞机旅行传播上，有时会将人口密集度数据与机场地点结合起来。

③And when studies showed that influenza transmission is modulated by humidity, scientists injected information on climate into the mix.

而当研究显示流感传播受湿度影响时，科学家又将气候信息纳入研究之中。

④Now, a new study combines data on a variety of factors, from doctors' visits and vaccination coverage to weather patterns and the movement of individuals as recorded by Twitter.

现在，一项新研究将各种因素的数据结合起来，从医生访问和疫苗接种覆盖率到气候模式和记录的个人运动情况。

⑤The finding: in the U.S., influenza typically arises in the warm, humid conditions of the south and spreads quickly thanks to the high degree of social connectivity in the region. The finding is in the journal e Life.

结果发现：在美国，流感通常在温暖潮湿的南方出现，因该地区频繁的社会联系而迅速扩散。这项研究发表在《e生活》期刊上。

⑥The researchers started by studying health care records from more than 40 million families, looking for reports of flulike symptoms. The analysis covered nine season's worth of data, from 2003 to 2011. And it pointed toward outbreaks

starting near the Gulf of Mexico or the southern Atlantic, a surge that seemed to coincide with the southward migration of ducks.

研究人员先仔细阅读了4000多万个家庭的医疗保健记录，寻找类似流感症状的记录。然后对2003年至2011年9个季节的数据进行分析。 分析结果指出，流感疫情在墨西哥湾或南大西洋附近爆发，似乎与鸭子向南迁徙的时间相吻合。

⑦\"We did our first analysis and it did look like ducks could be possible carriers of the virus, starting spark of the influenza epidemic.\" Andrey Rzhetsky of the University of Chicago, the study's senior author says they wrote up their \"duck hypothesis\" and submitted the paper for review. Reviewers, so to speak, strongly encouraged us to include additional factors into the model, specifically climate variables, temperature, wind speeds, solar radiation, and humidity. And when they did... \" duck hypothesis collapsed. Ducks as predictor were not important any more and climate took the first place..\"

我们的初步分析显示，看起来鸭子很可能是病毒携带者，并触发了流感疫情。 这项研究的第一作者、芝加哥大学的安德烈·柴斯基说到。他表示，他们把\"鸭子假说\"整理成文并提交审阅。 可以说，审阅人强烈建议我们将额外因素纳入模型，特别是气候变量、温度、风速、太阳辐射和湿度等因素。\"他们这样做了以后…… \" '鸭子假说'失败了。就预测流感疫情来说，鸭子已经不再重要了，而气候成为最重要的因素。

⑧Based on the data they collected, the researchers liken the spread of flu to a wildfire. The spark that ignites the epidemic is provided when a blast of colder weather strikes an otherwise warm, humid, urban environment. That chill allows

the virus to remain viable in water droplets and perhaps forces people indoors into close quarters. That's where Southern hospitality comes in. Folks in the south are more highly socially connected than elsewhere in the country. So friends, neighbors and community members have plenty of opportunity to pass the virus to one another face to face.

基于他们收集的数据，研究人员将流感传播比作山火。当一股冷空气袭击本来温暖且潮湿的城市环境时，就会触发流感疫情的火花。这种寒流使病毒在小水滴中能继续存活，而且可能会迫使人们在室内近距离感染。 这是\"南方盛情\"在发挥作用。南方民众的联系度在美国社会中是最高的。因此，朋友、邻居、社区成员有很多机会面对面传播病毒。

⑨Finally, driving from county to county or traveling by plane, allows the flu to spread like wind carries a fire. So you'll come back now—but first make sure you're no longer contagious.

最后，驾车在美国进行全国游或坐飞机旅行会让流感像借助风力的火灾一样迅速蔓延。所以，你现在要回家，那首先要确保的是你不再具有传染性。

Burnout is a term easily tossed around, the way somebody might claim to be starving when they're simply hungry, or freezing when cold. That's harmless if a person is describing a tired day or week. But somebody who is actually burned out should be

prepared to take serious action because it's a condition that needs attention.

职业倦怠是一个很容易被滥用的词，就像有些人仅仅在感到饥饿的时候会说自己要饿死了，或者在冷的时候会说自己冻僵了。如果一个人只是在描述劳累的一天或一周，那倒是无害的。但是一个真正对职业感到倦怠的人应该做好认真行动的准备，因为这种情况需要得到重视。

The big three symptoms are emotional exhaustion, cynicism and feeling ineffective, according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), a survey designed to measure employee burnout in the workforce. Other symptoms can include frequent colds or sicknesses, insomnia and a tendency to alleviate stress in unhealthy ways, such as with too much alcohol or online shopping.

一项旨在衡量员工工作倦怠程度的问卷调查——马勒诗职业倦怠量表（MBI）显示，职业倦怠的三大症状是：情绪衰竭、玩世不恭和成就感低落。其他症状可能包括经常感冒或生病、失眠以及倾向于用不健康的方式来缓解压力，比如过量饮酒或网购。

Part of the difficulty of pinpointing true burnout may be because burnout is a nonmedical term—at least in the United States. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders doesn't list it as an illness. But other countries including France, Denmark and Sweden, do recognize burnout syndrome and consider it to be a legitimate reason to take a sick day from work.

真正的职业倦怠之所以很难判定，某种程度上是因为职业倦怠是一个非医学术语——至少在美国。《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》没有把它列为一种疾病。但包括法国、丹麦和瑞典在内的其他国家确实承认职业倦怠症，并认为这是休病假的合理原因。

For those who suspect they might be on the road to burnout, there are practical tools to mitigate it. Among others: physical exercise, sleep and positive social connection (the real kind, not the Facebook kind). The importance of balance and self-care to prevent burnout likely isn't surprising to most.

对于那些怀疑自己有职业倦怠倾向的人来说，有一些实用的方法可以缓解这种状况。其中包括：体育锻炼、睡眠和积极的社交联系（是真实的社交联系，而非像 Facebook 那样的线上虚拟社交）。平衡好生活并照顾好自己，对预防职业倦怠是非常重要的，这一点在大多数人看来可能并不意外。

\"There's nothing fancy about what it would take to turn things around,\" says Ziegler, the \"Mommy Burnout\" author. \"But it's a huge shift in the cultural mind-set. That's the challenge.\"

\"扭转职业倦怠的办法并不复杂，\"《母亲倦怠》一书的作者齐格勒说道，\"但这是个文化观念的巨大转变，这才是挑战所在。\"